Denitrification Biokinetics: Towards Optimization for Industrial Applications

Abstract

Denitrification is a microbial process that converts nitrate (NO3–) to N2 and can play an important role in industrial applications such as souring control and microbially enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). The effectiveness of using NO3– in souring control depends on the partial reduction of NO3– to nitrite (NO2–) and/or N2O while in MEOR complete reduction of NO3– to N2 is desired. Thauera has been reported as a dominant taxon in such applications, but the impact of NO3– and NO2– concentrations, and pH on the kinetics of denitrification by this bacterium is not known. With the goal of better understanding the effects of such parameters on applications such as souring and MEOR, three strains of Thauera (K172, NS1 and TK001) were used to study denitrification kinetics when using acetate as an electron donor. At low initial NO3– concentrations (∼1 mmol L–1) and at pH 7.5, complete NO3– reduction by all strains was indicated by non-detectable NO3– concentrations and near-complete recovery (> 97%) of the initial NO3-N as N2 after 14 days of incubation. The relative rate of denitrification by NS1 was low, 0.071 mmol L–1 d–1, compared to that of K172 (0.431 mmol L–1 d–1) and TK001 (0.429 mmol L–1 d–1). Transient accumulation of up to 0.74 mmol L–1 NO2– was observed in cultures of NS1 only. Increased initial NO3– concentrations resulted in the accumulation of elevated concentrations of NO2– and N2O, particularly in incubations with K172 and NS1. Strain TK001 had the most extensive NO3– reduction under high initial NO3– concentrations, but still had only ∼78% of the initial NO3-N recovered as N2 after 90 days of incubation. As denitrification proceeded, increased pH substantially reduced denitrification rates when values exceeded ∼ 9. The rate and extent of NO3– reduction were also affected by NO2– accumulation, particularly in incubations with K172, where up to more than a 2-fold rate decrease was observed. The decrease in rate was associated with decreased transcript abundances of denitrification genes (nirS and nosZ) required to produce enzymes for reduction of NO2– and N2O. Conversely, high pH also contributed to the delayed expression of these gene transcripts rather than their abundances in strains NS1 and TK001. Increased NO2– concentrations, N2O levels and high pH appeared to cause higher stress on NS1 than on K172 and TK001 for N2 production. Collectively, these results indicate that increased pH can alter the kinetics of denitrification by Thauera strains used in this study, suggesting that liming could be a way to achieve partial denitrification to promote NO2– and N2O production (e.g., for souring control) while pH buffering would be desirable for achieving complete denitrification to N2 (e.g., for gas-mediated MEOR).

Effect of acetate and methanol on the kinetics of total dissolved selenium removal in a chemostat

“…It should be noted that the behaviour of the chemostat and the estimated kinetic parameters are specific to the consortium (dominated by Dechloromonas and Ralstonia ) and are not generalizable to other types of selenate‐reducing bacteria. The μ max estimated for the selenate‐reducing consortium in this study is on the same order of magnitude as values reported for denitrifying bacteria 49 and slightly greater than values reported for other anaerobic microorganisms, such as sulfate‐reducing bacteria 50,51 …”

Sequence-specific destabilization of azurin by tetramethylguanidinium-dipeptide ionic liquids

“…Azurin has been a protein of interest for many groups since it exhibits the most blue-shifted Trp emission spectrum of any known protein (∼308 nm) [ [46] , [47] , [48] ] arising from a single Trp residue buried in the interior of the β-barrel domain. It is also interesting as a redox protein that could be used in biotechnology applications focused on its denitrification function and potential uses in nitrate decontamination of water or soil [ [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] ].…”

Plant Nitrogen Metabolism: Balancing Resilience to Nutritional Stress and Abiotic Challenges

“…Both nitrite and nitrate are forms of nitrogen that plants can readily absorb [66,67]. The last step of the Nitrogen cycle includes the conversion of nitrate into molecular Nitrogen and the activity is carried out by microorganisms [68]. Among different communities of plants, the measurements of denitrification differ [69] (Fig.…”