Dengue and Chikungunya Virus Infection in Man in Thailand, 1962–1964

Chikungunya fever: A re-emerging viral infection

“…aegypti breeding in water storage jars ubiquitous in Thai homes as a consequence of the lack of piped water distribution system. [21] Similar conditions were observed through the mid-1970s, before CHIK transmission nearly disappeared. CHIK antibodies were rare in Bangkok children born after 1976 and virus isolation was not obtained from febrile outpatients and haemorrhagic fever suspects tested in 1979-1980.…”

“…Antibodies surveys indicated that the virus continued to be transmitted until [1962][1963][1964]. [21] During this period, human infections occurred at formidable rates in Bangkok area and its environs. In 1962, an estimated 40,000 patients sought medical attention in the urban complex of 2 million inhabitants.…”

Comparative Analysis of Full-Length Genomic Sequences of 10 Dengue Serotype 1 Viruses Associated with Different Genotypes, Epidemics, and Disease Severity Isolated in Thailand over 22 Years

“…10 Bangkok is at the epicenter of dengue transmission in Thailand with all four DENV serotypes co-circulating there since 1962. [11][12][13] Dengue has been hyperendemic in Bangkok since 1979. The predominant DENV serotype varies by year: DEN-1 during 1990-1992 and 2001; DEN-2, responsible for causing more severe dengue diseases during 1973-1986 and 1988-1989; DEN-3, the only serotype associated with severe outbreaks in 1987and 1995-1999andDEN-4 in 1993-1994. According to records of the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health (QSNICH) in Bangkok, the serotype associated with the highest incidence of disease is DENV-3, which is responsible for 46% of DF and 50% of DHF after primary infection and 34% of DF and 28% of DHF after secondary infection.…”

Scaling of Stochasticity in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Epidemics

“…The co-circulation of all four dengue serotypes and their capacity to produce severe dengue disease was demonstrated as early as 1960 in Bangkok, Thailand [23]. DHF occurred first only in Bangkok, but was disseminated to the whole region during the 1970s [3,19,23]. Physicians in Thailand are trained to recognize and treat dengue fever and practically all cases of DHF and DSS are hospitalized.…”

“…The first recorded epidemic of DHF in Thailand (population of approximately 66 million people [29]) was in 1958 [30]. The co-circulation of all four dengue serotypes and their capacity to produce severe dengue disease was demonstrated as early as 1960 in Bangkok, Thailand [23]. DHF occurred first only in Bangkok, but was disseminated to the whole region during the 1970s [3,19,23].…”