Dendritic cell targeting virus-like particle delivers mRNA for in vivo immunization

Abstract

mRNA vaccine was approved clinically in 2020. Future development includes delivering mRNA to dendritic cells (DCs) specifically to improve effectiveness and avoid off-target cytotoxicity. Here, we developed virus-like particles (VLPs) as a DC tropic mRNA vaccine vector and showed the prophylactic effects in both SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 infection models. The VLP mRNA vaccine elicited strong cytotoxic T cell immunity and durable antibody response with the spike-specific antibodies that lasted for more than 9 months. Importantly, we were able to target mRNA to DCs by pseudotyping VLP with engineered Sindbis virus glycoprotein and found the DC-targeting mRNA vaccine significantly enhanced the titer of antigen-specific IgG, protecting the hACE-2 mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we showed DC-targeted mRNA vaccine also protected mice from HSV-1 infection when co-delivering the gB and gD mRNA. Thus, the VLP may serve as an in situ DC vaccine and accelerate the further development of mRNA vaccines.

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“…DCs present tumor‐associated antigens to T cells, activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes and promoting the infiltration of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. [ 44 ] Flow cytometry results and immunofluorescence images proved that DCs maturation could further increase the amount of CD8 + T cells and CD4 + T cells. As shown in the flow cytometry results, the levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the spleen followed the trend: CFA/PRV@MM > CFA/PRV > CFA > Control (Figure 7E).…”