Dendrimers: New tool for enhancement of electrochemiluminescent signal

Chikhaliwala, Priyal; Chandra, Sudeshna

doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.04.017

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Ru(bpy) 3 2 + /tripropylamine (TrPA) co-reactant system is currently the most widely used Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL system. [12][13][14][15] Among the new co-reactants, nanomaterials not only work as co-reactants, but also act as scaffold for covalent immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 + to construct self-enhanced ECL probes, [13,16] which are supposed to extend ECL application in biomedical areas due to the elimination of adding additional co-reactant. [6][7] Therefore, the analysts are committed to find alternate biocompatible coreactants for Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL.…”

Section: Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets As Co-reactants For Trismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spatiotemporal controllability of luminescence by electrochemical reactions endows ECL with high signal-to-background ratio, making it an excellent analytical method. [12][13][14][15] Among the new co-reactants, nanomaterials not only work as co-reactants, but also act as scaffold for covalent immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 + to construct self-enhanced ECL probes, [13,16] which are supposed to extend ECL application in biomedical areas due to the elimination of adding additional co-reactant. [2][3][4][5] Among the luminophores, Ru(bpy) 3 2 + has attracted extensive attention due to its unique features such as high ECL efficiency, reversible electrochemical reaction, good solubility in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, and low biotoxicity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6] Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL occurs by means of two pathways: ion annihilation and co-reactant. [12][13][14][15] Among the new co-reactants, nanomaterials not only work as co-reactants, but also act as scaffold for covalent immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 + to construct self-enhanced ECL probes, [13,16] which are supposed to extend ECL application in biomedical areas due to the elimination of adding additional co-reactant. Ru(bpy) 3 2 + /tripropylamine (TrPA) co-reactant system is currently the most widely used Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence

et al. 2019

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The search for a biocompatible co-reactant for tris(2,2'bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has attracted broad attention towards extending its application in the biomedical field. This work investigates the co-reactant effect of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNSs) on Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL. CNNSs enhance the anodic ECL of Ru(bpy) 3 2 + through the ECL interaction between Ru(bpy) 3 3 + and the reductive intermediate of CNNSs, which are generated by either the direct electroreduction of CNNSs or the chemical/ electrochemical oxidation of the amine groups on the CNNSs surface by Ru(bpy) 3 3 + . The finding may provide a new avenue for the development of self-enhanced ECL probes and offer a new insight into revealing the surface feature of CNNSs.ECL is the process whereby electrochemical reactions trigger luminescence. The spatiotemporal controllability of luminescence by electrochemical reactions endows ECL with high signal-to-background ratio, making it an excellent analytical method. [1] A variety of ECL luminophores has been developed till now mainly including organic molecules, inorganic molecules, and semiconductor nanomaterials. [2][3][4][5] Among the luminophores, Ru(bpy) 3 2 + has attracted extensive attention due to its unique features such as high ECL efficiency, reversible electrochemical reaction, good solubility in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, and low biotoxicity. [6] Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL occurs by means of two pathways: ion annihilation and co-reactant. Co-reactant pathway is usually adopted in analytical applications since it is much easier to implement over ion annihilation pathway. Ru(bpy) 3 2 + /tripropylamine (TrPA) co-reactant system is currently the most widely used Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL system. However, using TrPA as co-reactant for Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL is unsatisfactory due to its high volatility, poor aqueous solubility, high biotoxicity, and strong ECL background. [6][7] Therefore, the analysts are committed to find alternate biocompatible coreactants for Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL. In the past decade, diverse coreactants have been developed mainly including ammonia gas, [8] biomolecules such as 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol and Lcysteine, [9][10][11] and nanomaterials like carbon nanodots and boron nitride quantum dots. [12][13][14][15] Among the new co-reactants, nanomaterials not only work as co-reactants, but also act as scaffold for covalent immobilization of Ru(bpy) 3 2 + to construct self-enhanced ECL probes, [13,16] which are supposed to extend ECL application in biomedical areas due to the elimination of adding additional co-reactant. [17][18][19] Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is a semiconductor polymer with layer structure whereby intralayer is composed of triazine or tri-s-triazine units connected aromatic planes and interlayer is assembled by Van der Waals force and hydrogen bond. [20] Owing to its unique optical, electric and optoelectronic properties, g-CN, especially nanosized g-CN, has been widely used in a variety of fields ranging from photo-/ele...

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Section: Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets As Co-reactants For Trismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence

et al. 2019

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“…constructed a novel self‐enhanced ECL probes Ru‐NCDs with strong and stable ECL emission comparable to Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /TPA system. In addition to nanomaterials mentioned, PEI and PAMAM dendrimer with a plenty of inherent amine groups were used as excellent alternates for developing self‐enhanced Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL nanotags . For instance, Yuan et al .…”

Section: Ru(bpy)32+‐nanomaterials Co‐reactant Eclmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to nanomaterials mentioned, PEI and PAMAM dendrimer with a plenty of inherent amine groups were used as excellent alternates for developing self-enhanced Ru(bpy) 3 2 + ECL nanotags. [35][36][37][38] For instance, Yuan et al [37] synthesized coil-like nanocomposites with self-enhanced ECL activity by using Ru(II) complex as ECL emitter, PEI as both co-reactant and scaffold for covalent immobilization of Ru(II) complex, and carbon nanotubes as nanocarriers for the Ru (II)-PEI complex ( Figure 3). The coupling of the intramolecular co-reactant interaction and the multiplication of Ru(II) complex and amine groups in each nanoparticles endow the as-synthesized nanocomposites with high ECL emission quantum yields.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)‐Nanomaterial Co‐Reactant Electrochemiluminescence

et al. 2019

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Searching biocompatible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) co‐reactants for tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+), a classical ECL reagent, has attracted extensive attention to expanding its analytical applications and improving sensing performances. Advances in nanomaterial science promote the discovery of novel co‐reactants and new enhancement mechanisms for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. In this Minireview, we discuss the current progress in Ru(bpy)32+‐nanomaterial co‐reactant ECL with an emphasis on enhancement mechanisms and sensing strategies developed. Four kinds of nanomaterials for Ru(bpy)32+ ECL enhancement are classified into two groups, according to the working mechanisms and presented in the order of novelty. Perspectives on the promises and challenges facing this field are also discussed.

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Cuvette‐Based Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection System for the Assessment of Polymerizable Ruthenium Luminophores

et al. 2017

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Dedicated to the memory of Captain Brian "KENNY" Kennedy USMC, Semper Fidelis Herein, we validate a novel cuvette-based approach to measure electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) by employing the hyphenation of a commercial spectrometer and a potentiostat. The new experimental design provides simultaneous acquisition of electrochemical and ECL data, allowing complementary analysis by both techniques. Preliminary analysis of an organometallic ECL standard, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru (bpy) 3 2 + ), and tripropylamine (TPA), showed excellent reproducibility both in terms of the electrochemistry and the ECL signal. Equally as important, the acquired electrochemistry and ECL from the Ru(bpy) 3 2 + /TPA system served as a baseline for evaluating the ECL response of polymerizable ruthenium luminophores.

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Dendrimers: New tool for enhancement of electrochemiluminescent signal

Cited by 15 publications

References 89 publications

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets as Co‐reactants for Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Electrochemiluminescence

Tris(2,2’‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)‐Nanomaterial Co‐Reactant Electrochemiluminescence

Cuvette‐Based Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection System for the Assessment of Polymerizable Ruthenium Luminophores

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