Dendrimers as pseudo‐stationary phases in elektrokinetic chromatography

Muijselaar, Pim G.; Claessens, H.A.; Cramers, C.A.M.G.; Jansen, J. F. G. A.; Meijer, E. W.; Berg, Ellen M. M. de Brabander-van den; Wal, Sjored van der

doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240180212

Cited by 76 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Dendrimers are highly branched polymers synthesized from a core applying a multistep repetitive synthesis, in which globular macromolecules are obtained [141]. The branching structure of higher generation dendritic molecules results in a topology similar to that of the micelles and consequently, dendrimers have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional micelles due to their molecular mass specificity, uniform size and unique properties.…”

Section: Polymers As Pseudostationary Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The branching structure of higher generation dendritic molecules results in a topology similar to that of the micelles and consequently, dendrimers have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional micelles due to their molecular mass specificity, uniform size and unique properties. Among the so-called starbust dendrimers, also known as diaminobutane-based dendrimers, the most common are those with 0.5-3.5 generations, furnishing 4-32 nitrile terminal groups that can be functionalized yielding molecules with different properties [141][142][143][144]. The alkylation of the carboxylate terminal groups to yield the ester derivatives has allowed the separation of very hydrophobic compounds such as phenols, alkyl parabens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and naphthalene derivatives [144][145][146][147]; furthermore, these dendrimers can be used in highly modified running buffers (up to 90% methanol has been reported [145]) constituting suitable pseudostationary phases to bridge aqueous MEKC and nonaqueous CE.…”

Section: Polymers As Pseudostationary Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Current developments and future

Molina

Silva

2002

Electrophoresis

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This review highlights recent methodological and instrumental advances in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Enhancements in sensitivity and selectivity of the technique through the use of on-line preconcentration approaches (stacking and sweeping) and nonconventional pseudostationary phases, namely nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants, mixed micelles and polymers, are discussed in detail. Laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry, as alternatives to UV-absorption detection, have been covered to evaluate their advantages and limitations when applied to analysis in an MEKC format. Some thoughts on future directions in this area such as in-capillary reactions, coated capillaries and MEKC on microchips are also presented.

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Section: Polymers As Pseudostationary Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymers As Pseudostationary Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Current developments and future

Molina

Silva

2002

Electrophoresis

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“…EKC involves the addition of a pseudostationary phase (pseudo-SP) to the BGE in order to interact with the analytes of interest and thereby modify their electrophoretic mobilities. Many pseudo-SPs, including micelles [2], microemulsions [3], soluble polymers [4][5][6], dendrimers [7], and cyclodextrins [8,9] have been used for the EKC separation of a large variety of analytes. Although the use of pseudo-SPs, such as cyclodextrins, can facilitate the separation of enantiomeric analytes, the full separation of all components in a complex mixture can still be prob-lematic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of selectivity in the separation of aromatic amino acid enantiomers using sulfated ß‐cyclodextrin and dextran sulfate as pseudostationary phases

Zakaria¹,

Macka²,

Haddad³

2004

Electrophoresis

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Control of selectivity in the enantiomeric separation of three aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan) was demonstrated utilising two separate electrolyte additives. Sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin (s-beta-CD) was chosen as the chiral selector while the addition of dextran sulfate provided a means with which to predictably fine-tune separation selectivity. The two additives were found to interact independently with the amino acids, with the s-CD providing chiral interactions while the dextran sulfate provided ion-exchange (IE) interactions. The system was also very robust with reproducibility of migration times being < 2.0% RSD between runs and < 2.6% on using a new capillary. A physical model derived from first principles was also successfully used to describe the two additive system. The model accurately described the observed separations over the range of 0-20 mM s-beta-CD and 0-1% dextran sulfate with a correlation coefficient of 0.998 between predicted and observed mobilities. The physical model also provided useful information about the system including association constants between the analytes and the pseudostationary phases, together with the mobilities of the associated complexes (analyte-cyclodextrin and analyte-dextran sulfate). Selectivity optimisation was achieved using the normalised resolution product and minimum resolution criteria. The physical model also allowed a desired separation selectivity to be obtained, such that experimental conditions could be predicted to lead to a particular migration order.

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“…The selectivity of the system can now be modified by varying both the electrophoretic component of the separation and the chromatographic (analyte-SP) component. [10], proteins [11], resorcarenes [12], dendrimers [13,14] and cyclodextrins [15][16][17]. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have become increasingly popular in recent years, mainly due to intense interest in enantiomeric separations where CDs have been used to establish chiral interactions with analytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling, optimisation and control of selectivity in the separation of aromatic bases by electrokinetic chromatography using a neutral cyclodextrin as a pseudostationary phase

2002

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A simple mathematical model describing the separation of a series of aromatic bases by electrokinetic chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) as a pseudostationary phase is described. The model takes into account changes in electrolyte pH and the different formation constants between the neutral and charged forms of the analytes with the CD. Constants in the model were obtained within the two-dimensional experimental space defined by pH and [beta-CD] with nonlinear regression using only five experimental points. These constants agreed with expected trends in analyte-CD interactions and predicted much higher formation constants for the neutral analyte-CD complex than for the charged analyte-CD complex. Correlation between predicted and observed mobilities using additional 20 points within the experimental space gave r(2) = 0.995. Optimisation of the pH and [beta-CD] was performed using both the normalised resolution product and minimum resolution product criteria and provided two optimum separations which exhibited different selectivities. Differences between predicted and observed migration times at these optima were less than 2.5 and 5% for the normalised resolution product and the minimum resolution criteria, respectively. In both cases the correct migration order was predicted. The model was also applied successfully to the optimisation of conditions for the separation of a specific mixture of analytes or for conditions under which particular analytes migrated in a desired order.

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Dendrimers as pseudo‐stationary phases in elektrokinetic chromatography

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Current developments and future

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Current developments and future

Optimisation of selectivity in the separation of aromatic amino acid enantiomers using sulfated ß‐cyclodextrin and dextran sulfate as pseudostationary phases

Modelling, optimisation and control of selectivity in the separation of aromatic bases by electrokinetic chromatography using a neutral cyclodextrin as a pseudostationary phase

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