Demystifying Mentalities

Lloyd, G. E. R.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607691

Cited by 505 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…I am going to suggest that the use of reasoning is much more influenced by the immediate context than by deep seated differences between Easterners and Westerners. This suggestion is in line both with a wealth of recent work in cross--cultural psychology studying "culture as situated cognition" (Oyserman & Lee, 2007), as well with Lloyd's idea, based on historical analyses, of the primacy of context instead of mentalities (Lloyd, 1990).…”

Section: Holistic and Analytic Thinkingsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Geoffrey Lloyd has convincingly argued that the Chinese and the Greek thoughts are strongly overlapping (Lloyd, 1990(Lloyd, , 1996(Lloyd, , 2006(Lloyd, , 2007, and I will only give a few illustrative examples here. Before China was unified by the Qin dynasty in the 3 rd century BCE, it was composed of many states frequently at war with each other.…”

Section: Socio--cultural Argumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To give but one example, here is Tertulian: "The son of God is dead: this is to be believed since it is absurd. Having been buried he rose again: this is certain, since it is impossible" (quoted in Lloyd, 1990, p.24, see Ben--Menahem, 2007 for an instance in Jewish scholarship). In any case it seems reasonable to assume that such statements, Eastern or Western, would not detract people from an intuitive application of the principle of non--contradiction.…”

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confidence: 99%

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On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning

Mercier

2011

J Cogn Cult

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According to the argumentative theory of reasoning, humans have evolved reasoning abilities (usually known as 'system 2' or 'analytic' reasoning) for argumentative purposes. This implies that some reasoning skills should be universals. Such a claim seems to be at odd with findings from cross-cultural research. First, a wealth of research, following the work of Luria, has shown apparent difficulties for illiterate populations to solve simple but abstract syllogisms. It can be shown, however, that once they are willing to accept the pragmatics of the task, these participants can perform at or near ceiling. Second, historical, sociological and anthropological research has been used to claim that some Eastern cultures have not developed argumentation. These claims are the result of oversimplifications and of a selective view of the data. A closer looks reveals instead very elaborate forms of argumentation, in Chinese culture particularly. Third, cross-cultural psychologists have carried out an extensive research program aimed at showing that Easterners do not rely on the principle of non-contradiction and that they use holistic rather than analytic thinking. A review of these experiments shows that no qualitative difference emerges in the way Easterners and Westerners deal with argumentation and that in the proper context both populations can easily have recourse to holistic or analytic thinking. It is possible to conclude from this critical review that the reasoning skills involved in argumentation seem to be universal even though they can be used in different ways in various cultural contexts. 2Abstract. According to the argumentative theory of reasoning, humans have evolved reasoning abilities (usually known as 'system 2' or 'analytic' reasoning) for argumentative purposes. This implies that some reasoning skills should be universals. Such a claim seems to be at odd with findings from cross--cultural research. First, a wealth of research, following the work of Luria, has shown apparent difficulties for illiterate populations to solve simple but abstract syllogisms. It can be shown however that once they are willing to accept the pragmatics of the task, these participants can perform at or near ceiling. Second, historical, sociological and anthropological research has been used to claim that some Eastern cultures have not developed argumentation. These claims are the result of oversimplifications and of a selective view of the data. A closer looks reveals instead very elaborate forms of argumentation, in Chinese culture particularly. Third, cross--cultural psychologists have carried out an extensive research program aimed at showing that Easterners do not rely on the principle of non--contradiction and that they use holistic rather than analytic thinking. A review of these experiments shows that no qualitative difference emerges in the way Easterners and Westerners deal with argumentation and that in the proper context both populations can easily have recourse to holistic or analytic thinking. It is possi...

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Section: Holistic and Analytic Thinkingsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Socio--cultural Argumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning

Mercier

2011

J Cogn Cult

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“…This damagingly simplistic dichotomy makes it hard to understand how a head of state who, by most accounts, is intelligent and honest, could have taken the "wrong" side; and even harder to understand why his views were, at the time at least, well received by large segments of the South African public (ibid.). Fassin cites (Lloyd 1990) and (Said 1978(Said , 2003 to decry 'the hasty diagnostics of irrationality', in other words the tendency of Western scholars to scientifically "explain" as irrational those representations or acts by the non-Western 'Other' that they deem reprehensible or illegitimate (op. cit.…”

Section: Mbeki Hermeneuticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thabo Mbeki, postmodernism, and the consequences

Kowalenko

2015

South African Journal of Philosophy

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Explanations of former South African President Thabo Mbeki's public and private views on the aetiology of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country remain partial at best without the recognition that the latter presuppose and imply a postmodernist/postcolonialist philosophy of science that erases the line separating the political from the scientific. Evidence from Mbeki's public speeches, interviews, and private and anonymous writings suggests that it was postmodernist/postcolonialist theory that inspired him to doubt the "Western" scientific consensus on HIV/AIDS and to implement a public health policy that dragged its feet on full roll-out of antiretroviral therapy, causing thousands of avoidable deaths. A weak reductio ad absurdum allows us to conclude from this premise that postmodernist/postcolonial critique of "Western" science ought to be shunned. A comparative argument from consequences further suggests that in a situation where a misguided health policy has lead to a humanitarian catastrophe, and where postmodernist/postcolonialist critique of science can and has been used to justify this policy, an alternative theory ought to be preferred on which such justification would not be possible. The paper closes with a call for a non-relativist alternative to postmodernist/postcolonialist philosophy of science, and evaluates the potential of recent developments in 'Studies of Expertise" to yield such.

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“…In addition, Lloyd (1990) suggested that compared with those organizations without workplace spirituality, 86% with workplace spirituality could grow rapidly and increase efficiency and investment profits. In fact, some studies demonstrate that when organizations encourage spirituality, they can obtain more profits (Mitroff and Denton, 1999;Turner, 1999).…”

Section: Workplace Spirituality Individual Work Efficacy and Organizmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workplace Spirituality Scale Design─ the view of Oriental Culture

Sheng

Chen

2012

BMR

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In recent years, spirituality in workplace is gradually valued, as many leaders regard spirituality as a meaningful solution. Thus, scholars try to construct a holistic framework to allow leaders to recognize complicated spiritual developments in the workplace. After years of study, people have come to realize there is an in-depth spiritual consciousness and internal existence of spirituality. This study takes the view of the Oriental culture and designs measurement tools for workplace spirituality, through a cause-and-effect relation model, that concerns factors of workplace spirituality as the criterion for future researches.

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Demystifying Mentalities

Cited by 505 publications

References 0 publications

On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning

On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning

Thabo Mbeki, postmodernism, and the consequences

Workplace Spirituality Scale Design─ the view of Oriental Culture

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