Demonstration of vehicular visible light communication based on LED headlamp

The current social impact of new technologies has produced major changes in all areas of society, creating the concept of a smart city supported by an electronic infrastructure, telecommunications and information technology. This paper presents a review of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Near Field Communication (NFC) and Visible Light Communication (VLC) and their use and influence within different areas of the development of the smart city. The document also presents a review of Big Data Solutions for the management of information and the extraction of knowledge in an environment where things are connected by an “Internet of Things” (IoT) network. Lastly, we present how these technologies can be combined together to benefit the development of the smart city.

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“…[180,181,182]. Until now these solutions have only been theoretically implemented in experiments [183,184,185].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art, Trends and Future of Bluetooth Low Energy, Near Field Communication and Visible Light Communication in the Development of Smart Cities

García

Ruiz

Gómez‐Nieto

2016

Sensors

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“…For example, IR has been used in tolling applications [99]. Based on the light emitting diode (LED) headlamp, a demonstration system that uses VLC to support V2V communications has been proposed in [100].…”

Section: Visible Light Communications (Vlc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some other issues that should be considered in MDVNETs, ADVNETs, and HD-VNETs. Firstly, mmWave and VLC communication technologies have been considered to support vehicular networks [46], [97], [100]. However, how to address the potential issues caused by high mobility and harsh weather conditions still needs further investigation and test.…”

Section: Other Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular Communications: A Network Layer Perspective

Peng

Liang

Shen

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

244

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Vehicular communications, referring to information exchange among vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructures, have become very popular and been widely studied recently due to its great potential to support intelligent transportation and various safety applications. Via vehicular communications, manually driving vehicles and autonomous vehicles can collect useful information to improve traffic safety and support infotainment services. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent research on enabling efficient vehicular communications from the network layer perspective. First, we introduce general applications and unique characteristics of vehicular networks and the corresponding classifications. Based on different driving patterns of vehicles, we divide vehicular networks into two categories, i.e., manually driving vehicular networks and automated driving vehicular networks, and then discuss the available communication techniques, network structures, routing protocols, and handoff strategies applied in these vehicular networks. Finally, we identify the challenges confronted by the current vehicular communications and present the corresponding research opportunities. Index TermsVehicular communications; manually driving vehicles; autonomous vehicles; routing protocols; handoff strategies; communication technologies. from the perspective of the physical layer in [1]. Via enabling vehicles to exchange information with other vehicles (i.e., vehicle-to-vehicle, V2V), pedestrians (i.e., vehicle-to-pedestrian, V2P), and infrastructures (i.e., vehicle-to-infrastructure, V2I), vehicular communications are expected to support a variety of applications, including intelligent transportation and safety applications [2], [3]. However, due to the high mobility and complicated communications environments, it is very challenging to provide efficient vehicular communications to satisfy the different requirements, especially, higher reliability and lower latency for sharing safety-related information.Manually driving vehicular networks (MDVNETs), referring to communications among vehicles with only manually driving patterns, are one of the main applications of vehicular communications and have been widely considered in the existing works [4]. MDVNETs can help manually driving vehicles to improve the traffic safety and provide infotainment services to drivers and passengers [3].Owing to the advances in sensor technologies, wireless communications, computational power, and intelligent control, a new driving pattern, named automated driving, is gradually applied in vehicles, and then autonomous vehicles (AVs) are generated and begin to be test-driven on the roads. According to a report from the National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA) [5], passenger vehicles can be classified into five distinct levels of autonomy, as shown in Table I.Manually driving vehicles mentioned in this paper refer to the vehicles with level 0 autonomy while AVs refer to vehicles with level 4 autonomy. It is expected that no human actions o...

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“…The VLC function means that the LED headlamp can perform the function of car-to-anything technology [92] while maintaining the original forward lighting function by modulating the LED output light with a kHz or higher switch frequency to transfer data without sacrificing the quality of beam patterns. For example, LED-IT fusion technology research center from the Yeungnam university, republic of Korea [93], demonstrated a vehicular car-to-car VLC system based on prototype LED headlamp, where the inverse 4-PPM scheme with 75% dimming is used, and it has 10k bps data rate in about 20 m distance at day time [16].…”

Section: Trends Of the Led Headlampmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adaptive light beams can be realized by the simple electrical control in the LED headlamp rather than the mechanical control with motors in traditional headlamps. Besides, the LED headlamp also has a function of the visual light communication (VLC) [16], where the data can be transferred by modulating the LED output light. Therefore the LED headlamp is a hot topic in the current automotive industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%