Demonstration of vaccinia, lymphocytic choriomeningitis and rabies viruses in the leucocytes of experimentally infected animals

Baratawidjaja, R. K.; Morrissey, L. P.; Labzoffsky, N. A.

doi:10.1007/bf01267911

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…In addition, rabies virus is occasionally detected in blood of mice injected with tissues from dead rabid foxes (Atanasiu et al, 1970). A viremia has also been reported in rabies-infected rabbits (Baratawidjaja et al, 1965). The viremia was confirmed by detecting immunnofluorescent rabies viral antigens in brains of mice that developed rabies after intracranial (IC) inoculation of the rabbit leucocytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice

2006

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Data regarding the occurrence of a viremia during rabies virus infections are contradictory. Here, we attempted to clarify the dissimilar results using a qualitative TaqMan PCR assay to detect viral RNA in blood of mice that had been injected intramuscularly with rabies virus. Viral RNA was detected at two different intervals. Initially, RNA was present in blood of 30/32 (94%) mice, from 1h to 2 days after injection of virus. The RNA in the blood at this time most likely resulted from trauma to blood vessels at the injection site and leakage of the inoculated virus into the circulation. Thereafter, from 3 to 30 days, viral RNA was undetectable in the blood of 37 mice that remained free of clinical disease. However, and more importantly, viral RNA was detected again in 21/25 (84%) mice that became clinically ill and were exsanguinated 2-4 days after the onset of paralysis. The presence of viral RNA in blood of the clinically ill mice might have been due to an escape of virus into the bloodstream as a result of viral replication induced injury in the central nervous system and other tissues. Anti-rabies virus neutralizing antibody was detected in sera of 11/21 (52%) clinically ill mice whose blood was positive for rabies viral RNA. The presence of viral RNA in the bloodstream of mice that developed clinical rabies suggested that a viremia might occur in rabies-infected mice. Thus, the current opinion that a viremia does not occur in experimental or natural rabies infections of other species might need to be re-evaluated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice

2006

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“…It is clear that inflammatory cells, once present in a lesion, have a number of properties which may potentially limit virus spread: (i) oxygen-dependent antimicrobial products, (ii) oxygen-independent antimicrobial products, (iii) phagocytosis mediated by Fc and complement C3b receptors followed by virucidal action, and (iv) secretion of interferons and lymphokines which attract additional cell populations. Neutrophils and macrophages can apparently destroy antibody-coated poxviruses following phagocytosis, but can also allow limited virus replication (30,41,137,246,404,432,506). In the absence of virus destruction, the phagocytic cell could actively enhance the dissemination of the virus, as proposed by Florman and Enders (170).…”

Section: Inflammatory Cellsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Poxvirus pathogenesis.

Buller

Palumbo

1991

Microbiological Reviews

293

163

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Marchal (285) and Downie (126) bodies, respectively. Because of the ambiguity associated with describing structures solely on the basis of their reaction with various histochemical stains, Kato et al. (253) carefully examined the virusspecific cytoplasmic structures of a large number of poxvirus species and, using a criterion based on morphologic observations, histochemical staining, and immunochemical reactivity, suggested that the acidophilic and basophilic inclusion bodies be referred to as A-and B-type inclusion bodies, respectively. Under the auspices of a Poxvirus Subcommittee created at the Sixth International Congress for Microbiology in 1953, Fenner and Burnet (161) wrote a review which summarized the characteristics of the poxvirus group. This article remains the basis for the subsequent classification of poxviruses. The poxvirus family is divided into two subfamilies: Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of the insects) and Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of the vertebrates); the latter group of viruses is the focus of this review (Table 1). The vertebrate poxviruses share a group-specific NP antigen (511) and are able, in a reciprocal fashion, to participate in nongenetic reactivation (160, 168). This is a process whereby an infectious poxvirus is able to reactivate a second, heatinactivated poxvirus, as indicated by the production of progeny virus. Poxviruses were further classified into genera by comparing cross-protection in animal studies, crossneutralization of infectivity in tissue culture, and crosshybridization of genomic DNA from virions. This latter criterion is now the method of choice for preliminary classification of poxvirus isolates. In general, members of the same genera have similar morphology and biological properties. Virion Morphology Poxviruses are the largest of all animal viruses and can be visualized by light microscopy, although the details of the

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“…In addition, 52% of these clinically ill mice had detectable neutralizing antibody, partially refuting the claim that neutralizing antibody completely masks viremia [21]. Viremia has also been detected in the leucocytes of clinically ill rabbits [22]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Susceptibility and lack of evidence for a viremic state of rabies in the night owl monkey, Aotus nancymaae

Reaves

Salmón-Mulanovich

Guevara

et al. 2012

Virol J

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BackgroundRabies causes an acute fatal encephalomyelitis in most mammals following infection with rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus. Little is known about rabies virus infection in species of New World non-human Primates (NHP). To investigate the suitability of the owl monkey Aotus nancymaae asissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies a viable animal model for rabies virus candidate vaccine testing, we used clinical presentation, serology, viral isolation, and PCR to evaluate the incubation period, immunity, and pathogenesis of infected animals. We tested the hypothesis that no viremic state exists for rabies virus.MethodsEight monkeys divided into two equal groups were inoculated intramuscularly either in the neck or footpad with 105 pfu of rabies virus (Pasteur/V-13R) and observed for >130 days. Oral and blood samples were collected and analyzed.ResultsTwo monkeys inoculated in the neck displayed classic paralytic rabies. The mean incubation period was 11.5 days. The average maximum IgG response (antibody titer >0.200 O.D.) was achieved at day 10.0 and 62.3 in the clinical rabies and non-clinical rabies cases, respectively (p = 0.0429). No difference in IgM or IgG time to seroconversion or average maximum IgM level was observed between neck versus footpad inoculation groups. No viremia or viral shedding was detected by PCR or viral isolation during the observation period, including within the two symptomatic animals three days after disease onset. Tissue sections examined were unremarkable for inflammation or other histologic signs of rabies within the asymptomatic animal. Similarly none of the brain sections exhibited immunoreactivity for rabies virus antibody.DiscussionThis study demonstrates there is no difference in time to immune response between inoculation sites and distance to the brain; however, immune response tends to be more rapid in cases of clinically apparent disease and prolonged in cases infected at sites further from the brain.ConclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that a viremic state for rabies does not exist in the New World Monkey, Aotus nancymaae, and it appears that this species may be refractory to infection. The species does provide a suitable model to assess post infection immune responses. Additional studies that address the limitations of sample size, length of observation, and lack of measurable infection should be conducted.

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Demonstration of vaccinia, lymphocytic choriomeningitis and rabies viruses in the leucocytes of experimentally infected animals

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice

Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice

Poxvirus pathogenesis.

Susceptibility and lack of evidence for a viremic state of rabies in the night owl monkey, Aotus nancymaae

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