Demonstration of Substance P, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, and Protein Gene Product 9.5 Containing Nerve Fibers in Human Cervical Facet Joint Capsules

Kallakuri, Srinivasu; Singh, Anita; Chen, Chaoyang; Cavanaugh, John M.

doi:10.1097/00007632-200406010-00005

Cited by 107 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…ligament stretch and compression of the cartilaginous articular surfaces and the subchondral bone. In the capsular ligament under stretch, the collagen fiber structure and the nerve endings embedded in that network [152] and cells (fibroblasts, macrophages) are all distorted and activated [153]. Accordingly, capsular deformations of certain magnitudes can trigger a wide range of neuronal and inflammatory responses [124,154,155].…”

Section: Mechanotransduction In the Facet Joint And Its Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Jaumard¹,

Welch²,

Winkelstein³

2011

J. Biomech. Eng.

272

225

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The facet joint is a crucial anatomic region of the spine owing to its biomechanical role in facilitating articulation of the vertebrae of the spinal column. It is a diarthrodial joint with opposing articular cartilage surfaces that provide a low friction environment and a ligamentous capsule that encloses the joint space. Together with the disc, the bilateral facet joints transfer loads and guide and constrain motions in the spine due to their geometry and mechanical function. Although a great deal of research has focused on defining the biomechanics of the spine and the form and function of the disc, the facet joint has only recently become the focus of experimental, computational and clinical studies. This mechanical behavior ensures the normal health and function of the spine during physiologic loading but can also lead to its dysfunction when the tissues of the facet joint are altered either by injury, degeneration or as a result of surgical modification of the spine. The anatomical, biomechanical and physiological characteristics of the facet joints in the cervical and lumbar spines have become the focus of increased attention recently with the advent of surgical procedures of the spine, such as disc repair and replacement, which may impact facet responses. Accordingly, this review summarizes the relevant anatomy and biomechanics of the facet joint and the individual tissues that comprise it. In order to better understand the physiological implications of tissue loading in all conditions, a review of mechanotransduction pathways in the cartilage, ligament and bone is also presented ranging from the tissue-level scale to cellular modifications. With this context, experimental studies are summarized as they relate to the most common modifications that alter the biomechanics and health of the spine-injury and degeneration. In addition, many computational and finite element models have been developed that enable more-detailed and specific investigations of the facet joint and its tissues than are provided by experimental approaches and also that expand their utility for the field of biomechanics. These are also reviewed to provide a more complete summary of the current knowledge of facet joint mechanics. Overall, the goal of this review is to present a comprehensive review of the breadth and depth of knowledge regarding the mechanical and adaptive responses of the facet joint and its tissues across a variety of relevant size scales.

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Section: Mechanotransduction In the Facet Joint And Its Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Jaumard¹,

Welch²,

Winkelstein³

2011

J. Biomech. Eng.

272

225

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“…The presence of nerve fibers associated with pain transmission in the cervical facet joint capsules (FJC) has been previously demonstrated [21,30]. Facet distraction was shown to lead to allodynia in rats, with the level of allodynia varying according to the magnitude of distraction [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile stretching of cervical facet joint capsule and related axonal changes

et al. 2007

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This study examines axonal changes in goat cervical facet joint capsules (FJC) subjected to low rate loading. Left C5-C6 FJC was subjected to a series of tensile tests from 2 mm to failure using a computer-controlled actuator. The FJC strain on the dorsal aspect was monitored by a stereo-imaging system. Stretched (n = 10) and unstretched (n = 7) capsules were harvested and serial sections were processed by a silver impregnation method. The mean peak actuator displacement was 21.3 mm (range: 12-30 mm). The average peak strain encompassing various regions of the capsule was 72.9 ± 7.1%. Complete failure of the capsule was observed in 70% of the stretched capsules. Silver impregnation of the sections revealed nerve fibers and bundles in all the regions of the capsule. A blinded analysis of digital photomicrographs of axons revealed a statistically significant number of swollen axons with non-uniform caliber in stretched FJCs. Axons with terminal retraction balls, with occasional beaded appearance or with vacuolations were also observed. Stretching the FJC beyond physiological range could result in altered axonal morphology that may be related to secondary or delayed axotomy changes similar to those seen in central nervous system injuries where axons are subjected to stretching and shearing. These may contribute to neuropathic pain and are potentially related to neck pain after whiplash events.

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“…[42][43][44] In fact, distraction of the facet joint activates sensory afferents in the joint and increases muscle activity in the cervical spine. 45,46 Further, proprioceptive deficits, such as inaccurate perception of head position, were reported as secondary symptoms to whiplash injury in clinical studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired performance on the angle board test is induced in a model of painful whiplash injury but is only transient in a model of cervical radiculopathy

Dunk

Nicholson

Winkelstein

2010

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Although clinical studies report motor impairment associated with some painful injuries of the neck, assessment of motor function in animal models has been largely limited only to studies of direct trauma to the nervous system. The incline plane test was modified to evaluate motor function in two rodent pain models of facet joint distraction (FJD) and nerve root compression (NRC) injury (n ¼ 5/group). Sham groups were also included as controls. Motor function was measured using the modified inclined plane test with rats facing downward before surgery (baseline) and following surgery on days corresponding to when mechanical sensitivity is established and remains elevated. Mean baseline values of the board angle inducing slip for FJD (45.8 AE 3.18) was significantly greater ( p ¼ 0.014) than that for NRC (43.5 AE 2.58), but baseline measurements did not vary for either group over time. No changes in motor function were found for shams. Motor function after FJD significantly decreased ( p < 0.001) at days 1 and 7 after injury. In contrast, at day 1 after NRC injury, slip occurred at significantly lower ( p ¼ 0.0016) incline angles, but returned to baseline levels by day 7. These results show motor function impairment is induced following painful FJD and suggest the incline plane test offers utility to evaluate functional deficits in painful injuries. ß

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Demonstration of Substance P, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, and Protein Gene Product 9.5 Containing Nerve Fibers in Human Cervical Facet Joint Capsules

Cited by 107 publications

References 31 publications

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions

Tensile stretching of cervical facet joint capsule and related axonal changes

Impaired performance on the angle board test is induced in a model of painful whiplash injury but is only transient in a model of cervical radiculopathy

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