Demonstration of broadband magnetic polymer composite absorber crossing S- and C-bands

Use of Rotating Ring‐Disk Electrodes to Investigate Graphene Nanoribbon Loadings for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Medium

“…[37] For GC modified with GNRs at 80 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2B), the change in disk electrode shape is evident, as expected from the high N values (small areas not fully covered with the GNR tangle seen in Figure S1 for this modified electrode) at low rotation rates. At high rotation rates, however, the additional influence of the film on the GC surface begins to manifest, causing turbulence in the electrolyte flow [24,37] and decreasing N values when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased. For GC modified with GNRs at 150 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2C), the effect of turbulence in electrolyte flow predominates, [24,37] caused by the film at the GC surface sharply decreasing N values when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased.…”

“…At high rotation rates, however, the additional influence of the film on the GC surface begins to manifest, causing turbulence in the electrolyte flow [24,37] and decreasing N values when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased. For GC modified with GNRs at 150 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2C), the effect of turbulence in electrolyte flow predominates, [24,37] caused by the film at the GC surface sharply decreasing N values when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased. For GC modified with GNRs at 250-500 mg cm À2 (insets to Figures S2D-F), the film at the GC surface also causes turbulence in the electrolyte flow, [24,37] causing N values to decrease when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased, but film shape at the GC surface has a more pronounced influence on N values, which rise when GNR loadings are increased, and more so than for GC modified with GNRs at 150 mg cm À2 .…”

“…For GC modified with GNRs at 150 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2C), the effect of turbulence in electrolyte flow predominates, [24,37] caused by the film at the GC surface sharply decreasing N values when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased. For GC modified with GNRs at 250-500 mg cm À2 (insets to Figures S2D-F), the film at the GC surface also causes turbulence in the electrolyte flow, [24,37] causing N values to decrease when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased, but film shape at the GC surface has a more pronounced influence on N values, which rise when GNR loadings are increased, and more so than for GC modified with GNRs at 150 mg cm À2 . This effect is more evident for GC modified with GNRs at 500 mg cm À2 , since N values are, on average, larger than for bare GC ( Figure S3).…”

“…This effect is more evident for GC modified with GNRs at 500 mg cm À2 , since N values are, on average, larger than for bare GC ( Figure S3). For GC modified with GNRs at 800 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2G), there is an overwhelming predominance of film-derived turbulence in the electrolyte flow, [24,37] decreasing N values (low values even at low w) when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased, in agreement with the images (Figures 2E-2H) of the GC surface modified with GNRs at 800 mg cm À2 , which appears highly rugose and irregularly roughened by the presence of lamellae resulting from fractures. A turbulence in electrolyte flow, [24,37] decreasing N values (in average) when w (or w 1/2 , Figure S3) is increased, can be observed for GC modified with PtC at 150 mg cm À2 (inset to Figure S2H).…”

“…[21][22][23] Although differences in structure, composition, and doping [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] are crucial for evaluating the ability of materials to electrocatalyze the ORR, loading values (from 25 [4] to 5300 [7] mg cm À2 ) also play a decisive role in this evaluation. [24] In an investigation of the effect of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT) catalysts on ORR efficiency, loadings of 500 mg cm À2 were needed to compensate for the low density of active sites on metal-free catalysts. [25] A similar behavior was observed for carbon-supported non-noble metal catalysts containing Fe and tripyridyl triazine, with ORR activity exhibiting a monotonic rise as the catalyst loading on the electrode increased from 100 to 500 mg cm À2 , reaching saturation at a loading of 500 mg cm À2 .…”