Demonstration of a Symptomatic Intraventricular Cyst Using Direct Intraventricular Metrizamide Instillation

Blom, Rita Jeannette Marie; Witt, Norbert; Johnson, Edward Stedworthy

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-11149-9_91

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…3 As the disease progresses, the septations increase in number and vary in thickness, making the architecture of the ventricular system more distorted and diagnosis by CT easier. The cyst wall is more easily delineated with T 1 -and T 2 -weighted MR images than with CT scans, which may obviate the need for contrast ventriculography (Fig.…”

Section: Radiological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoscopic treatment of loculated hydrocephalus

Lewis¹,

Keiper²,

Crone³

1995

Journal of Neurosurgery

119

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Loculated hydrocephalus remains a difficult neurosurgical problem and endoscopes designed to navigate through the ventricular system provide a new option for treatment. The authors review their experience, during the period March 1990 to June 1993, using a steerable fiberscope in 34 cases of loculated hydrocephalus to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic cyst fenestration. The goals of treatment were to control hydrocephalus, simplify preexisting shunt systems, and reduce operative morbidity. Endoscopic cyst fenestrations reduced the shunt revision rate from 3.04 per year prior to endoscopy to 0.25 per year after the procedure, during a follow-up period ranging from 8 to 45 months, mean 26 months. However, eight patients (23.5%) required 14 repeat operations to control loculated hydrocephalus. After endoscopy, patients with multiloculated hydrocephalus had a nearly fivefold increased risk (relative risk 4.85) for shunt malfunction and more than a twofold increased risk (relative risk 2.43) for cyst recurrence versus patients with uniloculated hydrocephalus. Similarly, six (50%) of 12 patients shunted prior to endoscopy required a repeat endoscopic procedure (relative risk 5.56). Although repeat endoscopic procedures may be required to control hydrocephalus, endoscopic cyst fenestration avoided placement of a shunt in seven (33%) of 21 patients with uniloculated hydrocephalus. One patient, encountered early in the authors' experience, required a craniotomy for fenestration of multiple ventricular cysts. Endoscopic complications included cerebrospinal fluid leakage in one case and ventriculitis in another. The authors conclude that endoscopic treatment of loculated hydrocephalus is a safe, minimally invasive technique that should be considered as the initial treatment option.

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Section: Radiological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoscopic treatment of loculated hydrocephalus

Lewis¹,

Keiper²,

Crone³

1995

Journal of Neurosurgery

119

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“…However, cysts usually have a density similar to that of CSF, and their walls are usually transparent, making it usually difficult to visualize the cyst wall accurately. 4 Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium is considered to be the diagnostic method of choice for patients with loculated hydrocephalus. Its advantages over CT include the multiplanar view, providing a detailed picture in 3 different planes (axial, coronal, sagittal), and it is more sensitive in revealing the cyst wall.…”

Section: Imaging Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoscopic cyst fenestration in the treatment of uniloculated hydrocephalus in children

El-Ghandour¹

2013

PED

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Object The treatment of uniloculated hydrocephalus is a difficult problem in pediatric neurosurgery. Definitive treatment is surgical, yet the approach remains controversial. This study evaluates the role of endoscopic cyst fenestration (ECF) in the management of this disease. Methods Thirty-one pediatric patients with uniloculated hydrocephalus who underwent endoscopic surgery, performed by the author, between May 1999 and December 2010 constitute the patient group for this study. The patients included 17 boys and 14 girls, with ages ranging from 5 months to 5 years (mean 22.9 months). Patients with multiloculated hydrocephalus were not included. The patients' charts were reviewed for demographic data, radiological findings, information regarding morbidity, improvement of hydrocephalus, incidence of recurrence, shunt dependency, and the need for shunt revision. Results Neuroepithelial cysts were the most common cause (17 cases), followed by postoperative gliosis due to previous shunt infection (9 cases), intraventricular hemorrhage (3 cases), and meningitis (2 cases). Multiplanar MRI was reliable in making the diagnosis and is indicated if CT shows disproportionate hydrocephalus. Surgical treatment included ECF (31 cases), endoscopic revision of malfunctioning preexisting shunts (9 cases), endoscopic third ventriculostomy (4 cases), and placement of a new shunt (3 cases). Endoscopic cyst fenestration was easily performed in all the cases, with devascularization of the cyst wall by coagulation to prevent recurrence. Improvement of hydrocephalus was observed in 26 cases (83.9%). Among the group of patients without prior shunts (22 cases), 3 patients (13.6%) required repeat ECF and 3 patients (13.6%) required placement of a shunt (new shunt placement). In the 9 patients with preexisting shunts, endoscopy reduced the mean rate of shunt revision from 2.7 revisions per year before fenestration to 0.25 per year after fenestration. Four of these 9 patients had multiple shunts, which could be converted to a single shunt; however, repeat ECF was necessary in all 9 patients. With a mean follow-up duration of 4.3 years, none of the patients with a prior shunt was able to become shunt-independent, whereas 86.4% of patients without a prior shunt were able to avoid shunt placement. Endoscopic complications were reversible (unilateral subdural effusion in 5 cases, minor arterial bleeding in 2 cases, CSF leakage in 1 case), and there was no death (0%). Conclusions Endoscopic cyst fenestration is recommended in the treatment of uniloculated hydrocephalus because it is effective, simple, minimally invasive, and associated with low morbidity and mortality rates. The fact that all previously shunt-treated patients needed repeat ECF and that none of these patients was able to become shunt-independent makes it clear that uniloculated hydrocephalus due to postoperative gliosis induced by previous shunt infection carries the worst prognosis.