“…The notion that democratic practices can be learned in civil society organisations is not new (Dewey, 2008;Riekmann, 2011) and the German state has long recognised the potential of learning for democratic participation and cohesion (Heidemann, 2010;Riekmann, 2011). After the defeat of National Socialism in 1945, the programme of 're-education' trained German citizens in democratic participation, a key aspect of which was civic learning, 4 an important function of the clubs and youth organisations formed at the time (Riekmann, 2011), explicitly linking volunteering and democratic practices. Partially due to the bad press which formal learning has had in the last fifteen years because of Germany's poor PISA i results, much attention has been given to learning in informal settings, which, it is argued, can provide young people with the learning they need to participate fully in a democratic society and which, allegedly, is not provided by formal schooling (Prein et al 2009).…”