Demography of the Serengeti cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population: the first 25 years

Abstract

Data are presented on the demography and reproductive success of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) living on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania over a 25-year period. Average age at independence was 17.1 months, females gave birth to their ®rst litter at approximately 2.4 years old, interbirth interval was 20.1 months, and average litter size at independence was 2.1 cubs. Females who survived to independence lived on average 6.2 years while minimum male average longevity was 2.8 years for those born in the study area and 5.3 years for immigrants, with a large proportion of males dispersing out of the Plains population. Females produced on average only 1.7 cubs to independence in their entire lifetime and their average reproductive rates were 0.36 cubs per year or 0.17 litters per year to independence. Variance in lifetime reproductive success in the cheetah is similar to that of other mammals.No signi®cant negative correlations were found between adult cheetah population size and numbers of cubs reaching independence, implying that the Plains population had not reached carrying capacity. Annual numbers of adult female cheetahs only were correlated with rainfall. Adult female cheetah numbers were not correlated with adult female lion numbers on the Plains, however, reproductive rates of cheetahs were negatively correlated with the presence of lions while cheetahs had cubs. Moreover, cheetah reproductive success was lower during the period of high lion abundance (1980±1994) than during the earlier period of relatively few lions (1969±1979). Litter size at independence dropped from 2.5 to 2.0, lifetime reproductive success declined from 2.1 to 1.6 cubs reared to independence, and the reproductive rate (cubs/year) decreased from 0.42 to 0.36 from the earlier to the later period.Cheetah reproductive success showed little association with the presence of Thomson's gazelle at sightings except for a negative correlation between large numbers of gazelle (200±500) and reproductive success possibly because hunting success decreases with increasing prey herd size, or because cheetahs always lose in direct competition with other predators which are attracted to large congregations of prey. In addition, cheetah reproductive success was negatively correlated with the presence of Grant's gazelles (11 or more) perhaps because Grant's gazelles were more likely to occur consistently in dry areas.

Key factors and related principles in the conservation of largeAfrican carnivores

“…Cheetahs, like African wild dogs, are threatened by low population densities, interspecific competition and conflict with people (Anonymous 2007). Their ecological resilience, however, is increased by traits such as their mostly solitary behaviour, high mobility, habitat flexibility (Bissett & Bernard 2007), diverse prey base (Hayward et al 2006b) and ability to reproduce rapidly from an early age (Kelly et al 1998). In Namibia and Botswana, where the largest continuous cheetah population in Africa occurs, more cheetahs persist on farmlands than inside protected areas (Klein 2007).…”

Habitat selection and feeding ecology of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in thicket vegetation: is the cheetah a savanna specialist?

“…The conservation of large carnivores, with their typically large home ranges (Kelly et al, 1998), requires large tracts of suitable habitat and this will often compete with other forms of land use. In southern Africa, demands for land for non-conservation purposes are high (Marker et al, 2003), and it is thus important that land that has been set aside for conservation is fully used for the conservation of endangered species.…”

Life in the slow lane? Demography and life histories of male and female sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi)

“…Clutton-Brock, Illius et al, 1997; and see review by Saether, 1997), a few large carnivore populations (e.g. Hanby & Bygott, 1979;Packer, Herbst et al, 1988;Kelly et al, 1998), and the elephant seal (Le Boeuf & Kaza, 1981;Le Boeuf & Reiter, 1988).…”