Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version

Norman, Marc A.; Moore, David J.; Taylor, Michael J.; Franklin, Donald; Cysique, Lucette A.; Ake, Christopher F.; Deborah, L; Vaida, Florin; Heaton, Robert K.

doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.559157

Cited by 230 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

162

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Raw test scores were converted to demographically adjusted T-scores that corrected for age, education, sex, and ethnicity as appropriate (Heaton et al , 2004; Norman et al , 2011). T-scores for measures within each domain were averaged to derive a domain T-score, reflecting neurocognitive function within each domain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of alcohol dependence augments HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits in persons aged 60 and older

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Excessive alcohol use is common among people living with HIV. Given the growing prevalence of older HIV+ adults, and observations indicating higher risk for neurocognitive impairment in older adults with either HIV infection or alcoholism, an increased understanding of their combined impact in the context of this increasingly aged population is crucial. Methods We conducted comprehensive neurocognitive assessment in 112 older HIV+ individuals aged 50 to 69 years. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the interaction between age and the presence of lifetime alcohol dependence on neurocognitive measures, controlling for years of education, hepatitis C serostatus, and lifetime non-alcohol substance use disorder. Results Significant interactions of age and alcohol dependence history were found for global neurocognitive function, which was driven by the domains of executive function, processing speed, and semantic memory. Follow-up analyses indicated adverse effects of alcohol use history on neurocognitive measures that were evident only in HIV+ individuals 60 years and older. Conclusions While mounting evidence in younger cohorts indicates adverse synergistic HIV/alcohol effects on neurocognitive function, our novel preliminary findings in this elderly HIV+ cohort demonstrated the importance of even a relatively distant alcohol use history on the expression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders that may not become apparent until much later in life.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of alcohol dependence augments HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits in persons aged 60 and older

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, significant differences have been observed between African Americans and Caucasians in several tests of attention and memory independent of age and level of education (Norman et al 2011). Finally, long-life mental training and daily engagement in cognitively demanding activities can influence psychometric performance, probably reflecting the socalled cognitive reserve (Cona et al 2014).…”

Section: Requirements For Normative Reference Datamentioning

confidence: 97%

Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is the term applied to the neuropsychiatric status of patients with cirrhosis who are unimpaired on clinical examination but show alterations in neuropsychological tests exploring psychomotor speed/executive function and/or in neurophysiological variables. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of this syndrome. As these patients have, by definition, no recognizable clinical features of brain dysfunction, the primary prerequisite for the diagnosis is careful exclusion of clinical symptoms and signs. A large number of psychometric tests/test systems have been evaluated in this patient group. Of these the best known and validated is the Portal Systemic Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) derived from a test battery of five paper and pencil tests; normative reference data are available in several countries. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has been used to diagnose hepatic encephalopathy since the 1950s but, once popular, the technology is not as accessible now as it once was. The performance characteristics of the EEG are critically dependent on the type of analysis undertaken; spectral analysis has better performance characteristics than visual analysis; evolving analytical techniques may provide better diagnostic information while the advent of portable wireless headsets may facilitate more widespread use. A large number of other diagnostic tools have been validated for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy including Critical Flicker Frequency, the Inhibitory Control Test, the Stroop test, the Scan package and the Continuous Reaction Time; each has its pros and cons; strengths and weaknesses; protagonists and detractors. Recent AASLD/EASL Practice Guidelines suggest that the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy should be based on the PHES test together with one of the validated alternative techniques or the EEG. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy has a detrimental effect on the well-being of patients and their care-givers. It responds well to treatment with resolution of test abnormalities and the associated detrimental effects on quality of life, liver-related mortality and morbidity. Patients will only benefit in this way if they can be effectively diagnosed. Corporate efforts and consensus agreements are needed to develop effective diagnostic algorithms.

show abstract

“…Executive Functions : Halstead Category Test [35, 36]; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Card Version Perseverative Responses (WCST-64; [42]), Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B; [35, 36]), Stroop Color-Word Test Interference Ratio [38]; 5. Learning: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R; [43, 44]) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R; [44, 45]) Total Trials 1–3 Recall; 6. Memory : HVLT-R and BVMT-R [43–45] Delayed Recall Trials; 7.…”

Section: Materials and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Impairment is Associated with Lower Health Literacy Among Persons Living with HIV Infection

Morgan

Iudicello

Cattie³

et al. 2014

AIDS Behav

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study sought to determine the effects of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) on health literacy, which encompasses the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply healthrelated information. Participants included 56 HIV seropositive individuals, 24 of whom met Frascati criteria for HAND, and 24 seronegative subjects who were comparable on age, education, ethnicity, and oral word reading. Each participant was administered a brief battery of wellvalidated measures of health literacy, including the Expanded Numeracy Scale (ENS), Newest Vital Sign (NVS), Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), and Brief Health Literacy Screen (BHLS). Results revealed significant omnibus differences on the ENS and NVS, which were driven by poorer performance in the HAND group. There were no significant differences on the REALM or the BHLS by HAND status. Among individuals with HAND, lower scores on the NVS were associated with greater severity of neurocognitive dysfunction (e.g., NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript working memory and verbal fluency) and self-reported dependence in activities of daily living. These preliminary findings suggest that HAND hinders both fundamental (i.e., basic knowledge, such as numeracy) and critical (i.e., comprehension and application of healthcare information) health literacy capacities, and therefore may be an important factor in the prevalence of health illiteracy. Health literacy-focused intervention may play an important role in the treatment and health trajectories among persons living with HIV infection. KeywordsHIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; Neuropsychology; Disability; Health literacy Health literacy has been broadly defined as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions [1]." A recent systematic review by Berkman et al. [2] found considerable evidence that lower health literacy increases risk of suboptimal health outcomes, including more hospitalizations, reduced utilization of preventative medicine, and non-adherence to prescribed medications. Health literacy may play a particularly important role in health outcomes for underserved populations with chronic medical conditions, such as HIV disease [3]. It is estimated that between 20 and 40 % of persons infected with HIV have low health literacy [4], usually defined as self-reported difficulties with understanding healthcare materials or poor performance on validated measures of medical word knowledge or comprehension (e.g., Rapid Estimates of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM)). Specifically, HIV-related low health literacy is associated with limited knowledge of HIV disease [5] and refusal of HIV testing [6]. In the setting of HIV disease, low health literacy is particularly prevalent among ethnic and racial minorities and persons with lower levels of educational attainment [7]. HIV-infected persons with lower health literacy a...

show abstract

Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version

Cited by 230 publications

References 21 publications

A history of alcohol dependence augments HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits in persons aged 60 and older

A history of alcohol dependence augments HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits in persons aged 60 and older

Qualifying and quantifying minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Neurocognitive Impairment is Associated with Lower Health Literacy Among Persons Living with HIV Infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About