Demographically adjusted CERAD wordlist test norms in a Norwegian sample from 40 to 80 years

Kirsebom, Bjørn‐Eivind; Espenes, Ragna; Hessen, Erik; Waterloo, Knut; Johnsen, Stein Harald; Gundersen, Elisabeth; Sando, Sigrid Botne; Grøntvedt, Gøril Rolfseng; Timón, Santiago; Fladby, Tormod

doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1574902

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Regression norming procedure Following procedures outlined in Kirsebom et al (2019) and Testa et al (2009) regression-based norms were developed based on the normative performance of the included healthy controls (n ¼ 292). To normalize measures of the TMT, we first determined the reverse cumulative frequency distribution for TMT raw scores (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years

Espenes

Hessen

Eliassen

et al. 2020

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

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Objective: The trail making test (TMT) is one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests. TMT-A provides measures of visual scanning/visuomotor speed and TMT-B involves additional demands on executive functions. Derived scores TMT B-A and TMT B/A enhance measures of executive functioning. However, simple B-A subtraction may lead to false estimates of executive dysfunction in clinical samples. Norms for TMT have been published in several countries but are currently lacking for Scandinavia. Methods: A total of 292 healthy controls between age 41 and 84 years were included from the Norwegian "Dementia Disease Initiation" (DDI) study (n ¼ 170) and the Gothenburg Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) study (n ¼ 122). We used a regression-based procedure to develop demographically adjusted norms for basic (TMT-A and TMT-B) and derived measures (TMT B-A and B/A). We also propose a regression-based alternative to the TMT B-A measure named "TMT-b". The proposed norms were compared to norms from Heaton et al. and Tombaugh. Results: Due to differences in the estimated normative effects of demographics on performance, the proposed norms for TMT were better suited in the Scandinavian sample compared with published non-Scandinavian norms. The proposed TMT-b measure was highly correlated to TMT B-A (r ¼ 0.969, p < 0.001). Conclusion: We here propose demographically adjusted norms for the TMT for ages 41 through 84 years based on a Scandinavian ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years

Espenes

Hessen

Eliassen

et al. 2020

The Clinical Neuropsychologist

Self Cite

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“…It is unclear whether the inclusion of societal context variables (e.g., HIHD) could help reduce this heterogeneity and if so, whether it could be used as a correcting factor in multicultural and international collaborative studies. For example, several authors have used regression models to “correct” test scores for individual differences (i.e., age, education, sex; Cavaco et al, 2013a,b; Casaletto et al, 2016; Abou-Mrad et al, 2017; Alobaidy et al, 2017; Kirsebom et al, 2019). A similar correction approach may be adopted with the HIHD or other societal variables in future studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins Matter: Culture Impacts Cognitive Testing in Parkinson’s Disease

Statucka

Cohn

2019

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Cognitive decline is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and precise cognitive assessment is important for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. To date, there are no studies in PD investigating cultural bias on neuropsychological tests. Clinical practice in multicultural societies such as, Toronto Canada where nearly half of the population is comprised of first generation immigrants, presents important challenges as most neuropsychological tools were developed in Anglosphere cultures (e.g., USA, UK) and normed in more homogeneous groups. We examine total scores and rates of deficits on tests of visuoperceptual/visuospatial, attention, memory, and executive functions in Canadians with PD born in Anglosphere countries ( n = 248) vs. in Canadians with PD born in other regions (International group; n = 167). The International group shows lower scores and greater rates of deficits on all visuoperceptual and some executive function tasks, but not on attention or memory measures. These biases are not explained by demographic and clinical variables as groups were comparable. Age at immigration, years in Canada, and English proficiency also do not account for the observed biases. In contrast, group differences are strongly mediated by the Historical Index of Human Development of the participants’ country of birth, which reflects economic, health, and educational potential of a country at the time of birth. In sum, our findings demonstrate lasting biases on neuropsychological tests despite significant exposure to, and participation in, Canadian culture. These biases are most striking on visuoperceptual measures and non-verbal executive tasks which many clinicians still considered to be “culture-fair” despite the growing evidence from the field of cross-cultural neuropsychology to the contrary. Our findings also illustrate that socio-development context captures important aspects of culture that relate to cognition, and have important implications for clinical practice.

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“…Sometimes the tenability of these assumptions is assessed via the model residuals. Homoscedasticity seems to be mostly assessed with the Levene's test (e.g., Llinàs-Reglà et al, 2013;Van der Elst et al, 2011), and normality with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (e.g., Goretti et al, 2014;Llinàs-Reglà et al, 2013;Van der Elst et al, 2011) or Q-Q plots (e.g., Kirsebom et al, 2019). Applying Levene's test in the context of continuous norming is problematic as it can only be applied to test for homogeneity of variances of the score distributions within a certain group.…”

Section: Standard Linear Regression Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bias-Variance Trade-Off in Continuous Test Norming

2020

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In continuous test norming, the test score distribution is estimated as a continuous function of predictor(s). A flexible approach for norm estimation is the use of generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. It is unknown how sensitive their estimates are to model flexibility and sample size. Generally, a flexible model that fits at the population level has smaller bias than its restricted nonfitting version, yet it has larger sampling variability. We investigated how model flexibility relates to bias, variance, and total variability in estimates of normalized z scores under empirically relevant conditions, involving the skew Student t and normal distributions as population distributions. We considered both transversal and longitudinal assumption violations. We found that models with too strict distributional assumptions yield biased estimates, whereas too flexible models yield increased variance. The skew Student t distribution, unlike the Box–Cox Power Exponential distribution, appeared problematic to estimate for normally distributed data. Recommendations for empirical norming practice are provided.

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Demographically adjusted CERAD wordlist test norms in a Norwegian sample from 40 to 80 years

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years

Demographically adjusted trail making test norms in a Scandinavian sample from 41 to 84 years

Origins Matter: Culture Impacts Cognitive Testing in Parkinson’s Disease

Bias-Variance Trade-Off in Continuous Test Norming

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