Demographic Factors Affecting Cigarette and Waterpipe Smoking in Hormozgan, Iran

Abstract

Background: Tobacco consumption is one of the major public health concerns worldwide which can have adverse effects on human health. An awareness of the status of tobacco consumption and identification of its affecting factors constitute the first step in tobacco control programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe consumption among residents in Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province. Materials and Methods: In general, 853 residents of Bandar Abbas were chosen through the cluster sampling method and by referring to their houses and interviewing them. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test, along with the odds ratio (OR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results: The prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe consumption in men and women was 14.8% and 0.9%, as well as 5.6% and 5.4%, respectively. Male gender (OR=18.26; 95% CI: 6.58-50.65), marital status of those married once (OR=2.91; 95% CI: 1.24-6.85), academic education (OR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.25-0.93), father’s diploma and above (OR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.15 – 0.83), mother’s diploma and above (OR=0.36; 95% CI: 0.13-0.99) were associated with cigarette smoking. The other related factors were employee (OR=1.99; 95% CI: 1.20-3.30), self-employed (OR=3.13; 95% CI: 1.87- 5.24), and age (OR=12.57; 95% CI: 2.86-55.24 for age ≥ 50 years). No significant relationship was found between demographic factors and tobacco smoking. Conclusion: Cigarette and waterpipe smoking is a multidimensional health problem and has a close relationship with different demographic and social factors. Planning for enhancing health and mitigating the damages resulting from tobacco consumption is essential for promoting healthcare.

Assessing the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes in relation to Hookah smoking: Evidence from a cohort study in Southern Iran

“…18,[29][30][31] Limited studies have been conducted in worldwide with different sociodemographic characteristics, or in the central and Eastern of Iran 18,19 where hookah use and metabolic syndrome have a low prevalence, or specific populations such as patients. 20 Considering the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles including inactivity and unhealthy diet in Hormozgan region, 21 as well as the high prevalence of hookah and cigarette smoking, 22,23 more evidence is needed to better understand and confirm the relationship between hookah use and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between hookah smoking with metabolic syndrome and diabetes.…”

“…The type 2 of diabetes is one of the complications of obesity and metabolic syndrome with similar causes and underlying pathophysiology, which is clinically characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance 21 . Metabolic syndrome as a global health problem affects 8.8% of people worldwide 22 . However, 38% of the Iranian population have metabolic syndrome 23 .…”

“… 21 Metabolic syndrome as a global health problem affects 8.8% of people worldwide. 22 However, 38% of the Iranian population have metabolic syndrome. 23 Although the effects of cigarette smoking on health including metabolic syndrome 24 and diabetes 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 have been well studied, limited studies have focused on the relationship between hookah use and metabolic syndrome and diabetes.…”

“…Considering the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles including inactivity and unhealthy diet in Hormozgan region, 21 as well as the high prevalence of hookah and cigarette smoking, 22 , 23 more evidence is needed to better understand and confirm the relationship between hookah use and non‐communicable diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between hookah smoking with metabolic syndrome and diabetes.…”