Demographic and behavioral factors associated with kratom use among U.S. college students

Parent, Mike C.; Woznicki, Nathaniel W.; Yang, Jackie

doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2112584

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Second, there were also differences in the direction and strength of the association between internalizing disorders (as negative indicators of mental health) and kratom use. For example, the magnitude of the correlation between kratom (lifetime/any kratom use, kratom use disorder) and depression ranged from −0.196 to 0.084, while for anxiety it ranged from −0.191 to 0.003 in the USA [23,[88][89][90][91][92]. Conversely, kratom use was positively associated with SUDs in all studies, although the magnitude of association varied significantly (0.0183 ≤ r ≤ 0.474) [23,73,88,89,[91][92][93][94].…”

Section: Kratom Use and Mental Health: Framework And Modelsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Regulators have questioned kratom's multifold negative effects on self-efficacy and selfregulation [143], cognitive functioning [74], quality of life [16,18,23], psychotic symptoms [17], and kratom use disorder and its related diagnosis criteria [73,91,94]. Similarly, some studies have looked at the physiological effects of kratom on exercise, erectile function, and others [13,90]. However, kratom use appeared to have an unmarked effect on these spheres of mental health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis

Yang,

Müller,

Singh

2024

Eur Addict Res

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Introduction: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a medicinal tree native to Southeast Asia. The present multilevel meta-analysis describes the association between kratom use and the positive and negative indicators of mental health. Methods: A total of thirty-six articles were included in the meta-analysis to examine the associations, using a random-effects model. Results: The pooled effect size showed a very small positive association between kratom use and negative indicators of mental health {r = 0.092, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [0.020, 0.164], p < 0.05}, while no significant association was found with positive indicators of mental health (r = −0.031, 95% CI = [−0.149, 0.087], p > 0.05). Pooled effect sizes of specific mental health outcomes indicated that kratom use showed only a small positive correlation with externalizing disorders (r = 0.201, 95% CI = [0.107, 0.300], p < 0.001). No significant association was found between kratom use and quality of life (r = 0.069, 95% CI = [−0.104, 0.242], p > 0.05) and internalizing disorders (r = −0.001, 95% CI = [−0.115, 0.095], p > 0.05). Multilevel moderator analysis showed that the pooled effect size of the association between kratom use and substance use disorder was stronger in Malaysia (r = 0.347, 95% CI = [0.209, 0.516], p < 0.001), and with the mean age (β1 = −0.035, 95% CI = [−0.055, −0.014], p = 0.003), and the drug profile of those who were not co-using other drugs (r = 0.347, 95% CI = [0.209, 0.516], p < 0.001). Conclusion: The meta-analysis supports the kratom instrumentalization concept, in that a positive gain from kratom consumption can be achieved without any significant adverse associations with mental health.

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Section: Kratom Use and Mental Health: Framework And Modelsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Multilevel Meta-Analysis

Yang,

Müller,

Singh

2024

Eur Addict Res

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“…Likewise, kratom use to "boost energy, stamina and/or for endurance" during work or exercise was endorsed by 48.1% of respondents. Elsewhere, kratom was not positively associated with exercise despite the increasing marketing around kratom as an exercise or energy supplement [76]. More broadly, 54.4% of respondents who routinely experienced acute kratom effects reported those effects to be both compatible with and an aid in helping meet daily obligations, with another 29.1% reporting effects as compatible with meeting daily roles and obligations, though not necessarily helpful [77].…”

Section: Pleasure and Productivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kratom’s Emergence and Persistence Within the US Polydrug Epidemic

2023

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Purpose of Review Use of “kratom” products, derived from the bioactive botanical Mitragyna speciosa have increased amidst US polydrug use epidemics. Kratom alkaloids interact with opioid, serotonergic, adrenergic, and other receptors and regular users have described experiencing a wide range of effects. Some with polydrug use histories have reported using kratom as a substitute for other drugs or to nonmedically self-manage substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. Data describing this remain scare and come from self-report. We review this literature describing kratom use as a drug substitute, or as a nonmedical “self-treatment” for attenuating dependence or SUD symptoms. Recent Findings Kratom products have been documented as being used as a licit and illicit opioid substitute. Use to reduce alcohol or stimulant consumption is less well documented. Although prior and current polydrug use appear common among a some kratom users, it is unclear if co-use is contemporaneous or concomitant. Temporal order of use initiation is typically undocumented. Use for energy and recreation are also increasingly reported. Summary Data on kratom consumption come primarily from self-report with significant limitations. Until controlled human laboratory studies have been conducted, we can presently only describe what is known about human kratom use based on self-report. Such data describe real-world kratom use, leaving unaddressed human abuse liability or therapeutic potential of kratom alkaloids. Clinicians should be mindful of use motivations among people with SUD histories, sensitively assessing use. The paucity of data highlights the urgent need to increase funding and research for understanding kratom’s effects in humans.

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