Democracy, Oil, or Religion? Expanding Women's Rights in the Muslim World

Chaturvedi, Neilan S.; Montoya, Orlando

doi:10.1017/s1755048312000648

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In a separate line of research, Chaturvedi and Montoya (2013) find that Muslim countries that restrict the influence of fundamentalist religion improve women's economic and social rights. We might similarly anticipate that when fundamentalist groups have a stronger societal presence, patriarchal attitudes may also be more widespread.…”

Section: The Link Between Religion and Gender Inequality: Theory And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, Muslims, and Attitudes toward Gender Inequality

Lussier

Fish

2016

Politics and Religion

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Gender-based inequality is often regarded as a salient characteristic of Muslim societies, yet few works have systematically compared the status of women in Muslim and non-Muslim communities. Fish (2011) finds a gender gap in structural indicators of inequality in Muslim-majority countries that cannot be explained by levels of economic development, raising questions about whether attitudes favoring inequality are more prominent among Muslims. We investigate the impact of structural-situational factors and religious identification on attitudes toward gender-based inequality using hierarchical-level models. We find that: (1) Muslim self-identification and the size of a country's Muslim population predict attitudes supportive of inequality; (2) an individual's gender has a stronger effect on attitudes than does religious identification; and (3) measures of structural inequality also shape attitudes. The effects of these variables remain strong when we consider other contextual elements, such as gross domestic product per capita, education, age, location in the Middle East, and fuels dependence.

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Section: The Link Between Religion and Gender Inequality: Theory And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, Muslims, and Attitudes toward Gender Inequality

Lussier

Fish

2016

Politics and Religion

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“…The latter (Bayanpourtehrani and Sylwester, 2013b;Chaturvedi and Montoya, 2013) can be accounted for by a kind of cultural discrimination against women, which are permanently refused the right to work and actively contribute to the national economy. As underlined by, inter alia, Al-Qudsi (1998), Ross (2008) or Sharabi (1988), the Muslim traditions mitigate women from unbound access to education or healthcare systems, which essentially inhibits them from entering the labor force.…”

Section: Interdisciplinary Approach To Economics and Sociologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic growth and female labor force participation – verifying the U-feminization hypothesis. New evidence for 162 countries over the period 1990-2012

Lechman¹,

Kaur²

2015

Economics &Amp; Sociology

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Abstract. Th e paper contributes by providing new insights into the relationship between female labor force and economic growth in 162 world countries over the period 1990-2012. It was hypothesized that an analysis would reveal a U-shaped relationship between female labor force participation and economic growth. Th e analysis is run from two diff erent perspectives -in the fi rst, the relationship is examined for a sample encompassing 162 countries; and in the second -the evidence is disaggregated and the relationship is re-examined within four income-groups (low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income). To examine these relationships, data on female labor force participation and per capita income are extracted from the World Development Indicators 2013 database, and the relationship is examined by deploying panel data analysis assuming non-linearity between variables. Th e main fi ndings support the hypothesis of the U-shaped relationship between female labor force participation and economic growth, however high cross-country variability on the fi eld is reported. Moreover, the U-shaped feminization hypothesis was not positively verifi ed in the case of low-income countries.Keywords: women, female labor force, feminization, U-shaped curve, economic growth JEL classifi cation: J21, O10, O50 IntroductionThe worldwide trends can be summarized as exhibiting a relatively steady relationship between women`s participation in the labor market and the stage of economic growth. A great majority of empirical studies demonstrate that in the initial phases of economic growth female labor force participation tends to be decreasing, while after reaching a certain level of output per capita, a positive relationship emerges and women`s engagement in the labor market grad- ually increases. In this vein, the following paper contributes to the present state of knowledge by providing extensive evidence on re-examination of the hypothesis, according to which the statistical relationship between female labor force participation and economic growth follows the U-shaped pattern.The main goal of the paper is twofold. First, the authors provide new evidence on the U-shaped association between female labor force participation and economic growth in 162 countries over the period 1990-2012. To enrich the analysis, the authors deliberately disaggregate the evidence and exhibits by examining relationships in four distinct income-groups, namely: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income countries 1 . Disaggregating the evidence sheds light on the issue providing a novel insight, and allows us to determine whether the U-feminization hypothesis is revealed only in the world sample, or -preferably -is held in respective income-groups. The data used in the consecutive analysis are exclusively derived from the World Development Indicators 2013 database. To meet the main empirical objectives, the preliminary graphical evidences are supported by the static and dynamic panel econometric methods.This...

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“…It also takes women's proportion of the national legislature into account, and it does not assume that women lack political rights because a given country has no formal democratic institutions. Each measure is quantified on a four-point ordinal scale (0–3) where higher scores indicate greater respect for women's rights (see also Chaturvedi and Montoya 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 11. Summary statistics are presented in Appendix B. Ross (2008) also includes “income squared” and “working age” in some of his models. To test the sensitivity of the results, I have run models that include these as well as additional control variables such as population size (logged) and “British legal origin” (see Chaturvedi and Montoya 2013; Potrafke 2012). None of these tests questions the main findings of the study.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dire examples include the destruction of girls’ schools and the killing of working women in the Swat Valley of Pakistan (Orakzai 2011) and fatal assaults on women and girls by the notorious Saudi clerical police, mutaween (Coleman 2004, 90). The conflict between women's empowerment and Islamic discourses has been discussed in the scholarly literature (Afary 2004; Afshari 1994; see also Chaturvedi and Montoya 2013), and some research even suggests that Islamic culture is one of the main barriers to gender equality around the world (Inglehart and Norris 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Islamic Culture, Oil, and Women's Rights Revisited

Rørbæk

2016

Politics and Religion

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According to recent research, oil abundance is the principal explanation for women's poor human rights record in many Muslim societies. However, this study argues that resistance to gender equality in the Muslim world originates in its specific historical trajectory and that the critical juncture precedes the extraction of oil by a thousand years. The study assesses data on women's economic, social, and political rights in 166 countries from 1999–2008 and shows that whereas the negative effect of oil is driven by the 11 members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Muslim countries consistently underperform even when oil and gas rents and other relevant factors such as income and democracy are accounted for. The study concludes that persisting orthodox tendencies in Islamic culture provide the best explanation for Muslim women's limited empowerment.

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Democracy, Oil, or Religion? Expanding Women's Rights in the Muslim World

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Men, Muslims, and Attitudes toward Gender Inequality

Men, Muslims, and Attitudes toward Gender Inequality

Economic growth and female labor force participation – verifying the U-feminization hypothesis. New evidence for 162 countries over the period 1990-2012

Islamic Culture, Oil, and Women's Rights Revisited

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