Democracy Crisis in South-East Asia: Media Control, Censorship, and Disinformation during the 2019 Presidential and General Elections in Indonesia, Thailand and 2019 Local Election in the Philippines

Abstract

South-East Asia is suffering a rapid deterioration of the free press and Freedom of expression. According to the last report of Freedom in the World 2021, in the last few years, almost all the South-East Asian countries have experienced a reduction in Freedom of expression, and in certain cases, their rights have been restricted. What kind of effects do the media have on public opinion? How can disinformation, censorship, and media control manipulate public opinion? Is social media promoting the anti-democracy establishment? Does social media reduce the democratic quality of a country by limiting its expression through control? This paper is based on desk-based research, where literature on political history and the political history of using media has been reviewed and analyzed—with a comparative analysis, focusing on the data available on the three countries of interest: Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, taking a comparative study the last election in 2019 in those countries. As a method, this study conducts a critical literature review with a historical approach. This study found that all the countries analyzed utilized the media to spread disinformation, war propaganda, and control. Borrowing from the Gramscian theory of hegemony, the paper argues that the theory of media and control can be used as a theoretical framework to examine the rule of media to manipulate and control the opinion public.

Faith-Inspired Interrelational Citizenship: a Key Driver for Cultivating Peace in The Indonesian Socio-Political Landscapes

“…Reflecting on the experience of other countries, according to conflict theory, the sequence of the 2024 Indonesian election process has the potential to result in conflict escalation (Fadilah 2021). Escalation occurs because interested parties will take advantage of existing issues to attract the interest of voters (Kurnia &;Astuti, 2017;Warren, 2020), and allegedly one of the issues that will pass on social media is the issue of populism in identity politics (Iannone 2022). This phenomenon raises questions about the existence of issues that will pass on social media (Firmanto 2021a;2021b).…”

Legal Protection of Journalists' Rights Based on Law No 40 of 1999 on Freedom of the Press

“…Indonelsia is a democratic country with a relpulblik system of government with the president as the head of state and head of government (Slater, 2023;Tan, 2020;Yustisia dkk., 2023). The system of democracy in Indonesia is governed by the constitution of the country which is enacted by the 1945 Constitution (Djuyandi dkk., 2023;Iannone, 2022;Neoh & Saifulloh, 2020). The freedom of expression in Indonesia is regulated by UlUlD 1945 Article 28El Paragraph (3) which states that "Every person has the right to freedom of association, assembly, and expression of opinion" (Junius Fernando dkk., 2022;Prahassacitta & Harkrisnowo, 2021;Tuzovskij, 2021).…”