“…They have been used to indicate, for example, bacterial biomass (Palm & Dobberstein, 1999;Palm & Rü ckert, 2009), heavy metals (Sures & Siddall, 2003) or environmental stress (Landsberg et al, 1998) (for reviews on parasitological bioindicators, see Lafferty, 1997;Marcogliese & Cone, 1997;Overstreet, 1997;Williams & MacKenzie, 2003;Marcogliese, 2005;Palm, 2011). Sasal et al (2007) utilized fish parasites to detect anthropogenic influences (urban and industrial pollution) in coral reefs, and Lafferty et al 1999; Klimpel et al, 2006;Palm et al, 2007;Lafferty et al, 2008a). Thus, they reflect the status of the marine food web that might be affected through environmental change.…”