Demand sensitive energy storage in molten salts

Nemecek, J. J.; Simmons, D. E.; Chubb, T. A.

doi:10.1016/0038-092x(78)90099-3

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…According to FactSage simulation shown in Figure 4, the zone in which the minimum temperature is located corresponds to a composition of 30.2 mol% NaCl, 22.7 mol % KCl, and 47.1 mol% of MgCl 2 with a minimum temperature of 385.4 °C compared to the minimum temperature of 383 °C for 32.96 mol% NaCl, 21.62 mol% KCl, and 45.42 mol% MgCl 2 previously reported by Mohan et al (Mohan et al, 2018a;Villada et al, 2019), as well as the average and standard KCl NaCl A Scholich (Scholich, 1920) 49.0 18.5 32.5 385 B Jänecke, Mohan, Nemecek (Jänecke, 1950;Nemecek et al, 1978;Mohan et al, 2018a) deviation of the minimum melting temperature salt composition from Table 2. In addition, the eutectic composition is formed by the compounds KMgCl 3 + NaMgCl 3 (36-64 mol%) according to our thermodynamic analysis.…”

Section: Factsage Thermodynamic Simulationmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Xu et al (Xu et al, 2018b) experimentally studied different compositions of the ternary mixture in the range of 40-50 mol% MgCl 2 , in which the minimum temperature at 405 °C was found for a composition of 27.5 mol% NaCl, 32.5 mol% KCl, and 40 mol% MgCl 2 . Mohan et al (Mohan et al, 2018a;Mohan et al, 2018b) experimentally validated the ternary mixture by DSC with a melting temperature of 387 °C for the composition reported by Jänecke and Nemecek (Jänecke, 1950;Nemecek et al, 1978) of 45.4 mol% MgCl 2 , 21.6 mol% KCl, 33 mol% NaCl.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Minimum Melting Temperature Composition of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Salt Mixture for Next-Generation Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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Molten chloride mixtures such as MgCl2–KCl–NaCl are potential thermal energy storage (TES) materials and heat transfer fluids (HTFs) for next-generation concentrating solar power (CSP) systems due to their high operation temperatures (>700°C) and low costs. This ternary MgCl2–KCl–NaCl salt mixture with a low material cost (<0.35 $/kg) is a promising salt for high-temperature TES/HTF applications, for example, it could enable next-generation CSP plants to have significant power cycle efficiency and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In this study, the minimum melting temperature composition for the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl mixture was estimated by FactSage simulation, while the binary and ternary phase diagrams of the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl salt system, including their phase transitions, were studied. Five different eutectic compositions of the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl mixture from literature and simulations were selected to determine the minimum melting temperature composition by the differential scanning calorimetry technique. Results show agreement between experiments and simulations of the melting temperature and its composition. Hence, values of the exact and reliable minimum melting temperature and salt composition in mol% and wt% are given. Based on the determined melting temperature, the minimum operating temperature of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl is recommended according to the safety margin for CSP applications.

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Section: Factsage Thermodynamic Simulationmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 91%

Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Minimum Melting Temperature Composition of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Salt Mixture for Next-Generation Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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“…Heat-of-fusion energy storage and on-demand steam are obtained using heat pipe technology to transfer heat to and from stacked salt cans and onto boiler tubes within a sealed energy storage boiler tank. Salts like NaCI, KCI-MgCI 2 eutectic were considered as storage media and m-terphenyl as a heat transfer liquid in a heat pipe' [28].…”

Section: Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Power Generation: State of the Art

Shukla

1981

Heat Transfer Engineering

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“…A large number of reversible chemical reactions have been proposed for thermochemical energy transfer and storage [1], but few are suitable for operation in a first generation solar thermochemical power plant. The reaction schemes considered in this paper are those for which there is widespread industrial working knowledge available ; namely, steam reforming of methane [2][3][4][5] and dissociation of sulphur trioxide [6][7][8], ammonia [9][10][11][12][13] and methanol [14,15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The system has little potential for energy storage through storage of the reaction products, made difficult because of the need to store low pressure oxygen. Nemecek et al [8] have proposed that the thermochemical energy transport system be used in combination with eutectic salt storage of thermal energy, at the expense that heat delivery from the salt bath would be reduced to typically 350 °C and the system efficiency reduced to 17 %. -High strength nickel alloys are used for cons-truction of the solar absorber.…”

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confidence: 99%

A comparison of reversible chemical reactions for solar thermochemical power generation

Williams

1980

Rev. Phys. Appl. (Paris)

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2014 Les réactions chimiques réversibles qui se passent dans un système de transfert d'énergie thermochimique ont été proposés aux centrales solaires génératrices d'électricité pour résoudre non seulement le problème du transfert thermique entre le champ des capteurs solaires et la centrale, mais aussi potentiellement pour le stockage à long terme de l'énergie sans perte, par l'emmagasinage souterrain des produits de réaction. Plusieurs réactions ont été proposées pour générer la puissance électrique d'origine solaire thermochimique. Dans cette communication les critères de la thermodynamique et du génie chimique sont examinés pour comparer les réactions et ils sont appliqués aux quatre systèmes suivants fondés sur le mélange eau-méthane, le trioxide de soufre, l'ammoniac et le méthanol, chacun desquels est associé à une forte base industrielle. L'efficacité totale de la conversion énergie solaire thermique-énergie électrique est évaluée pour chaque système. Les processus composants du transfert thermique et du travail utile sont examinés pour montrer l'étendue du domaine dont il faut s'occuper pour calculer l'efficacité du système par rapport aux autres schémas de réaction qui soient possibles. Le système du trioxide de soufre offre l'efficacité la plus élevée (23 %) mais présente plusieurs ennuis pour la mise en 0153uvre. A défaut d'une comparaison détaillée des données qui optimisent les dépenses, on peut considérer que la réaction réversible d'ammoniac présente le meilleur compromis entre l'efficacité totale (19 %) et la difficulté liée du génie chimique de l'installation pour être un choix propice à la première génération des centrales solaires thermochimiques. Abstract. 2014 Reversible chemical reactions operating in a thermochemical energy transfer system have been proposed for solar electricity generation in order to solve not only the problem of energy transport from the solar collection field to a central power plant, but also potentially the long term lossless energy storage problem through underground storage of the reaction products. A number of reactions have been proposed for solar thermochemical power generation and in this paper the thermodynamic and chemical engineering criteria for comparing the reactions are examined and are applied to the four prominent systems based on water-methane, sulphur trioxide, ammonia and methanol, each of which is associated with a broad industrial base. The overall efficiency for conversion from the solar thermal input to electricity is evaluated for each system and the component processes of heat transfer and work production are examined in order to highlight the areas that must be given special attention in calculating the system efficiency when alternative reaction schemes are considered. The sulphur trioxide system has the highest efficiency of 23 % but is associated with several areas of concern regarding the practicalities of implementation and their effect on capital cost. In the absence of detailed comparative cost optimization data, it is considered that t...

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Demand sensitive energy storage in molten salts

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Minimum Melting Temperature Composition of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Salt Mixture for Next-Generation Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage

Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Minimum Melting Temperature Composition of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Salt Mixture for Next-Generation Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage

Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Power Generation: State of the Art

A comparison of reversible chemical reactions for solar thermochemical power generation

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