Demand response in smart grids: Participants, challenges, and a taxonomy

Abstract

In recent decades, moves toward higher integration of Renewable Energy Resources have called for fundamental changes in both the planning and operation of the overall power grid. One such change is the incorporation of Demand Response (DR), the process by which consumers can adjust their demand in a flexible manner. This paper presents a survey of various aspects of DR including the different types of participants, as well as the underlying challenges and the overall potential of DR when it comes to large-scale implementations. Benefits of DR as reported in the literature for performance metrics such as frequency control and price control, as well as methods for ensuring privacy are discussed. A quantitative taxonomy of DR recently proposed in the literature based on the inherent magnitude, run-time, and integral constraints is discussed and its integration with economic dispatch is explored.

A Dynamic Market Mechanism for the Integration of Renewables and Demand Response

“…The nature of demand, however, varies significantly. While many of them are flexible, they are subject to various static and dynamic constraints [4]. Some types of power consumption may be directly adjustable, with overall upper and lower limits in magnitude, but others may have energy constraints, with varying specifications on run-time.…”

“…A fairly vast literature exists on Demand Response, its potential, and associated challenges and opportunities [4]- [6]. The concept of introducing flexible consumption in market Manuscript received April 1, 2015.…”

“…The benefits of such a DMM over the more standard Optimal Power Flow (OPF) solution, also shown in this paper, lie in the efficient integration of dynamic information about the RERs in terms of both intermittencies and uncertainties, as well as the flexible loads and their various constraints. The DMM presented here builds on earlier work in [12], [1], and [4]. In [12], a DMM was first proposed, but with all flexible demand assumed to be adjustable with no constraints.…”

“…In [12], a DMM was first proposed, but with all flexible demand assumed to be adjustable with no constraints. In [1], shiftable DR loads were addressed as well, and in [4] the scope was extended to include the BBB taxonomy analyzed in this paper. In [12], [1], and [4], validation was limited to either an IEEE 4 Bus or an IEEE 30 Bus.…”

“…In [1], shiftable DR loads were addressed as well, and in [4] the scope was extended to include the BBB taxonomy analyzed in this paper. In [12], [1], and [4], validation was limited to either an IEEE 4 Bus or an IEEE 30 Bus. Unlike these earlier papers, we carry out an extensive validation of an extended DMM in this paper using an IEEE 118 Bus system which includes 54 generators, 99 consumers with a varied range of BBB loads, and 186 transmission lines.…”