Demand Response Control in Low Voltage Grids for Technical and Commercial Aggregation Services

Abstract

The electrification of sectors such as heating and transportation represents a challenge as well as an opportunity for distribution system operators. On the one hand, they are committed to accommodate large numbers of highly rated loads in networks for which it was not designed. On the other hand, some of those represent a source of flexibility that can be used to satisfy different technical and commercial purposes. This paper introduces an upgraded hierarchical structure that aims to serve as a platform for activating and controlling the demand response in low voltage (LV) networks. In this way, a system operator playing a role of an aggregator not only could trade flexible demand in the power markets, but also materialize its energy agreements while ensuring the local network security and reliability. To verify the effectiveness of this extended method, a Danish LV network is considered. The results show that it is possible to fulfill energy commitments in energy markets such as the regulation power market while respecting the proper network operation. However, the activation of the flexibility offered might be limited depending on the network characteristics and the season of the year.Index Terms-Demand response, heat pump (HP), hierarchical control, low voltage (LV) networks, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).

Aggregating energy flexibilities under constraints

“…T (f ) = [t es , t ls ] where t es and t ls are the earliest start time and latest start time, respectively. The amount profile is a sequence of (m ∈ N >0 ) consecutive slices, P (f ) = s (1) Figure 2 illustrates FO f = ( [1,5], [3,5], [2,3] An FO captures all possible amount demands and/or supplies of a device for a given time horizon. However, during the scheduling process, an FO is assigned to a specific amount at a specific time resulting in an assignment of the FO defined as follows: Definition 2.…”

“…Moreover, we see that the aggregation result (f a 12 last row column a) of SA does not enable an assignment that respects the constraint. When scheduling is applied on f Figure 3b) that contains assignments which respect the constraint, e.g., as f b 12 = (2, 2), (3,1) . In this paper, we evaluate an aggregation result through the objectives of constraint-based aggregation.…”

“…The existence of appropriate information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure [2] and a suitable hierarchical control architecture, offer the capability to market actors to command the DR [3]. Moreover, the establishment of a flexibility market [4] will provide flexibility with the opportunity to be traded [5].…”

“…The root is characterized by an amount constraint that defines the tolerable operational power range. For instance, the power of a distribution transformer (0.4kV) shall be in the interval [-300kW, 300kW] [3]. We also map all FOs, which belong to the bottleneck, to the leaf nodes, see 1 in Figure 1.…”

Optimal operation of cogeneration system coordinated by aggregator for providing the demand and supply regulation capacity

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Main customer's resources include controllable heat-pump water heaters, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] air conditioners, 13,14 electric water heaters, 15 and electric vehicle chargers. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Main customer's resources include controllable heat-pump water heaters, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] air conditioners, 13,14 electric water heaters, 15 and electric vehicle chargers.…”