Demand imbalances and multi-period public transport supply

Hörcher, Dániel; Graham, Daniel J.

doi:10.1016/j.trb.2017.12.009

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although we do observe some noise around the best fitting nonlinear curves, suggesting that there is no deterministic link between G and the optimal supply, this noise is almost negligible. The shape of the relationships is very similar to what the authors found in the back-haul problem with only two markets served by joint capacity (Hörcher and Graham 2018).…”

Section: Fixed Scale Inelastic Demandsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In this research the authors extend the analysis of the back-haul problem to a more realistic urban public transport setting: a transit line along which capacity is still indivisible due to operational constraints, but more than two origin-destination pairs have to be served. We investigate what may be a suitable measure of demand imbalances in this setting that could replace the share of main haul demand in total ridership in the back-haul problem (Hörcher and Graham 2018). We show that what matters in a network is not only the spread of demand between line sections, but also the spread of costs between them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We analyse whether the magnitude of imbalance in demand has a predictable impact on the optimal supply strategy. Hörcher and Graham (2018) show in the simplest back-haul setting 2 that the asymmetry in demand between jointly served markets may have crucial impact on (1) the optimal capacity, (2) the equilibrium occupancy rate of vehicles and thus the crowding experience of passengers, (3) optimal pricing decisions, and (4) the financial and economic performance of public transport provision. In this follow-up paper we expand the spatial scope of analysis from the back-haul problem to entire public transport lines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Gini index of demand imbalances in public transport

Hörcher

Graham

2020

Transportation

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The paper studies a general bidirectional public transport line along which demand varies by line section. The length of line sections also varies, and therefore their contribution to aggregate (line-level) user and operational costs might be different, even if demand levels were uniform. The paper proposes the Gini index as a measure of demand imbalances in public transport. We run a series of numerical simulations with randomised demand patterns, and derive the socially optimal fare, frequency and vehicle size variables in each case. We show that the Gini coefficient is a surprisingly good predictor of all three attributes of optimal supply. These results remain robust with inelastic as well as elastic demand, at various levels of aggregate demand intensity. In addition, we find that lines facing severe demand imbalances generate higher operational cost and require more public subsidies under socially optimal supply, controlling for the scale of operations. The results shed light on the bias introduced by the assumption of homogeneous demand in several existing public transport models.

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Section: Fixed Scale Inelastic Demandsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Gini index of demand imbalances in public transport

Hörcher

Graham

2020

Transportation

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“…Then, the impacts of different carbon policies on supply chain strategies and operational decisions were discussed in detail. Hörcher and Graham (2018) focused on the study of multi-period PT supply and deemed it was difficult to distinguish the capacity network between road sections and periods when demands were interdependent but not entirely identical. Results of the multi-period supply analysis indicated the relationship between urban structure, daily activity mode, and PT performance.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Operational strategy of customized bus considering customers’ variety seeking behavior and service level

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2021

International Journal of Production Economics

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In recent years, customized bus (CB) is becoming an innovative model of the public transport system (PTS) in China. This service provides an advanced, timely, personalized, and flexible responses to the demand of the PTS, especially of commuters. Obviously, it could have an impact on public transport (PT) service. For instance, CB services influence the customers' variety-seeking behavior, which results in changes of customer options in different periods. Therefore, customers could be divided into different groups of preference. In this paper, we construct a two-period Hotelling game model by variety-seeking behavior and service level. The results show that, in the first stage, the departure frequency of CB and PT is influenced by variety-seeking behavior and service level. In the second stage, departure frequency is influenced by service level only. Next, although the departure frequency of bus impacts the changes of passenger ratios in different stages, service level appreciably impacts passenger number. From customer surplus and social welfare, we find that adjustment of service level can increase social welfare, which means that CB and PT will reach an optimum effect. The present work can provide a valuable reference to policymakers, practitioners, and others.

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“…Meanwhile, the designs of bus network and urban rail network are both based on passenger demand, and the imbalance of passenger demand is inevitable [14]. Ouyang et al [15] formulated a methodological framework with the continuum approximation techniques to design bus networks for cities where travel demand varies gradually over space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Adjustment Schemes on the Long Through-Type Bus Lines considering the Urban Rail Transit Network

Zhang

Jia

Bai

et al. 2018

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society

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It is of great importance to optimize the schemes of long through-type bus lines to adapt to the urban rail transit network. Focusing on the long through-type bus lines close to metro stations, a bilevel programming model on the adjustment schemes of bus lines is proposed, taking the impacts of urban rail transit network into account. The upper level model aims at adjusting the setting decisions of stop stations and vehicle headways of bus lines to minimize the passenger travel cost and maximize the benefits of bus operators. The lower level model is a passenger flow assignment model based on Logit-SUE considering the crowding perception of passengers in bus vehicles. Moreover, the constraint of average load factor of the bus line sections is considered. Then the genetic algorithm is applied to solve the proposed model, and a numerical example is conducted to verify the effectiveness. Results show that the value of the objective function of the model is improved by 27.2%, in comparison with the original scheme. Even though the average travel cost of passengers increases slightly, the bus line operation cost and the imbalance degree of load factors are reduced by 46.1% and 18.6%, respectively. The sensitivity analyses show that it is better to divide the long through-type bus line into several separate bus lines with independent operation, respectively, under the condition of unbalanced passenger flow distribution. Meanwhile, the multiple bus lines are more adapted to the unbalanced passenger flow distribution when the weight of the benefits of the bus operators in the total objective function is bigger. Besides, the lower time value that the passengers perceive, the more passengers willing to take bus than metro trains. As the increment of the passenger time value, the combination of feeder bus lines and a longer bus line is better for passengers’ trip demand than the long through-type bus line.

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Demand imbalances and multi-period public transport supply

Cited by 32 publications

References 28 publications

The Gini index of demand imbalances in public transport

The Gini index of demand imbalances in public transport

Operational strategy of customized bus considering customers’ variety seeking behavior and service level

Optimal Adjustment Schemes on the Long Through-Type Bus Lines considering the Urban Rail Transit Network

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