Demand and supply-side carbon linkages of Turkish economy using hypothetical extraction method

The Coal, Petroleum, and Gas Embedded in the Sectoral Demand-and-Supply Chain: Evidence from China

“…Tsirimokos [54] discovered that China's "Mining and quarrying" sector had the most significant forward energy linkage in 2014. Additional Ghosh supply-model-based CO 2 linkage estimations have identified the electricity and utility sectors as the primary drivers of embedded sectoral emissions [35,41]. As the sectoral consumers of embedded fossil fuels, embedded coal, petroleum, and natural gas suppliers can be carbon taxed.…”

“…However, China's energy consumption increased by 2.2% in 2020, the COVID-19-affected year [4]. Sectoral connections can provide insight into the origins and destinations of environmental impacts associated with intermediate sectoral trade [35,44]. Cross-sectoral energy policies can aid in the adoption of more environmentally friendly manufacturing processes [53].…”

“…Specialists disagree on how to compute forward and backward links. Some have argued that the Leontief inverse model [33] should be used to calculate both backward and forward connections [34,35]. Others believe that the Leontief inverse [33] model should be used exclusively for backward linkage measurements [30,32].…”

Prospects of industrial consumption embedded final emissions: a revision on Chinese household embodied industrial emissions

“…Under the MHEM the industrial carbon linkages are decomposed in to net forward (sales), net backward (purchases), internal (intra-sectoral) and the mixed (re-purchases) intermediate industrial CO 2 linkages. Explicitly, the model has been employed to estimate inter-sectoral 14,[18][19][20][21][22][23] and interregional 24,25 industrial carbon and pollutant linkages. Here, the MHEM has been modified to estimate urban and rural household embodied emissions from inter and intra-sectoral consumption.…”

Sectoral carbon linkages of Indian economy based on hypothetical extraction model

“…Ali (2015) compared different approaches by applying the Leontief model to backward linkages and the Ghosh model to forward carbon links under the classic multiplier, the original HEM and the Cella HEM approaches. Sajid et al (2019a) used the original and hybrid MHEM methods under the Leontief inverse and Ghosh supply models to calculate the: demand-pulled and supply-pushed sectoral CO 2 linkages of Turkey for 2009. Sajid et al (2019b) used the MHEM method to estimate the CO 2 linkages of the transport sector of the top seven EU carbon discharging nations from 1995 to 2011.…”