Delivery Using Herpes Simplex Virus: An Overview

Goins, William F.; Wolfe, Darren; Krisky, David; Bai, Quan; Burton, E; Fink, David J.

doi:10.1385/1-59259-650-9:257

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…126,127 The third approach is to alter viral tropism through modification of surface proteins. 128,129 Thus far, all of these approaches have been successfully used to engineer tumor-specific herpesviruses.…”

Section: Conditionally Replicating Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cancer treatment

2006

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Cancer remains a serious threat to human health, causing over 500 000 deaths each year in US alone, exceeded only by heart diseases. Many new technologies are being developed to fight cancer, among which are gene therapies and oncolytic virotherapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic DNA virus with many favorable properties both as a delivery vector for cancer therapeutic genes and as a backbone for oncolytic viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is highly infectious, so HSV-1 vectors are efficient vehicles for the delivery of exogenous genetic materials to cells. The inherent cytotoxicity of this virus, if harnessed and made to be selective by genetic manipulations, makes this virus a good candidate for developing viral oncolytic approach. Furthermore, its large genome size, ability to infect cells with a high degree of efficiency, and the presence of an inherent replication controlling mechanism, the thymidine kinase gene, add to its potential capabilities. This review briefly summarizes the biology of HSV-1, examines various strategies that have been used to genetically modify the virus, and discusses preclinical as well as clinical results of the HSV-1-derived vectors in cancer treatment.

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Section: Conditionally Replicating Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cancer treatment

2006

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“…Among those are RNA and DNA viruses. The most commonly used vectors are replication-competent or -deficient poxviruses, retroviruses, rhabdoviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAV), and human herpesviruses, including HSV-1, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (3,9,18,21,22,34,35,45,50,53,58). One of the problems associated with RNA viruses, adenoviruses, or AAV are their limited capacity to package foreign DNA, which is normally restricted to DNA of less than 5 kbp in length (13), although gutted adenovirus vectors can harbor up to 14 kbp of foreign sequence (28).…”

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confidence: 99%

Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization

Trapp

Einem

Hofmann

et al. 2005

J Virol

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Key problems using viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy are antivector immunity, low transduction efficiencies, acute toxicity, and limited capacity to package foreign genetic information. It could be demonstrated that animal and human cells were efficiently transduced with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) reconstituted from viral DNA maintained and manipulated in Escherichia coli. Between 13 and 23% of primary human CD3 ؉ , CD4 ؉ , CD8 ؉ , CD11b ؉ , and CD19 ؉ cells and more than 70% of CD4 ؉ MT4 cells or various human tumor cell lines (MeWo, Huh7, HeLa, 293T, or H1299) could be transduced with one infectious unit of EHV-1 per cell. After intranasal instillation of EHV-1 into mice, efficient transgene expression in lungs was detectable. Successful immunization using EHV-1 was shown after delivery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 gag precursor by the induction of a Gag-specific CD8 ؉ immune response in mice. Because EHV-1 was not neutralized by human sera containing high titers of antibodies directed against human herpesviruses 1 to 5, it is concluded that this animal herpesvirus has enormous potential as a vaccine vector, because it is able to efficiently transduce a variety of animal and human cells, has high DNA packaging capacity, and can conveniently be maintained and manipulated in prokaryotic cells.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), an alphaherpesvirus, causes infections in equines. Usually the disease induced by the virus is mild, and approximately 90% of equines worldwide harbor the agent, whose persistence in animals is lifelong. One of the peculiarities of EHV-1 is its tropism for blood mononuclear cells, which are the primary site for establishment of EHV-1 latency. Neuronal tissues, including the trigeminal ganglion and the brain, are only rarely infected by the agent. Neurological symptoms after infection of equines with certain EHV-1 strains are caused by infection of endothelial cells and subsequent hypoxia and neuronal degradation and are consistent with myeloencephalopathy and not myeloencephalitis (40,62).Herpesviridae enter target cells by fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane at neutral pH after attachment of virions to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (47,51). Glycoproteins are crucially involved in these early stages of infection, and 11 glycoproteins in the prototype member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), have been identified. The herpesvirus glycoproteins involved in attachment, receptor binding, and fusion (i.e., gB, gC, gD, and the gH-gL complex) also appear to largely determine the mostly very restricted host tropism of Alphaherpesvirinae, i.e., the inability of animal viruses to naturally infect species other than those they have coevolved with (23). While the first contact and heparin-sensitive attachment of the studied alphaherpesviruses, including EHV-1, is mainly mediated by gC, receptor binding of HSV-1, pseudorabies virus, and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is via interaction of gD with cellular receptors th...

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“…Una vez que el virus entra en contacto con los terminales neuronales, éste migra retrógradamente por el axón hasta el soma neuronal donde reside de forma latente hasta su reactivación 57,58 . En el núcleo, el genoma viral permanece en forma episomal (no se integra en el genoma del hospedero) 59,60 . El estado de latencia viral se caracteriza por una represión importante de la transcripción de genes virales, salvo para un gen particular el que está asociado a la latencia viral y se ha denominado LAT (latency associated transcript) 61 .…”

Section: Latencia Y Reactivación De Virus Herpes Simplexunclassified