Delivery of small interfering RNA against Nogo-B receptor via tumor-acidity responsive nanoparticles for tumor vessel normalization and metastasis suppression

Dopamine Delivery via pH‐Sensitive Nanoparticles for Tumor Blood Vessel Normalization and an Improved Effect of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs

“…Normal blood vessels are organized and are attached by deactivated endothelial cells and supported by pericytes, while in contrast abnormal vessels are incredibly disorganized and consist of active endothelial cells . Moreover, in tumor vessels, endothelial cells are lacked of homogenous basement membrane (abnormal thick or thin basement membrane), and also lacked of immature pericytes coverage and polarity; thus, these structures are extremely permeable due to the gaps between them, reaching up to even 100 times larger than in normal . In addition, weak blood flow in abnormal tumor vessels not only affect the delivery of anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs but also make tumor cells resistant to these factors.…”

“…Based on active metabolism of tumor cells on continuous desire to oxygen and nutrient, they release and produce high amounts of proangiogenic factors that promote nourishing the vessel growth . These are some main positive regulator of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), placental growth factor (PlGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), angiopoietins (Angs), etc …”

“…Through its action on blood vessel DA receptors (DR1 and DR2), DA can normalize tumor vasculature . DA up‐regulates angiopoietin‐1 (ANG1) in pericytes and Krüppel‐like factor‐2 (KLF2), the zinc finger transcription factor in endothelial cells; and also can inhibit the VEGF as an extrinsic regulator . In contrast to other antiangiogenics agents, such as Sunitinib, DA not only has an antiangiogenic effect that can potentially limit tumor size but also does not elicit systemic hypertension.…”

Modulating the tumor microenvironment with new therapeutic nanoparticles: A promising paradigm for tumor treatment

“…Administration of an oligonucleotide‐based inhibitor (CD5‐2) in tumor‐bearing mice enhanced expression of VE‐cadherin, a major endothelial cell‐specific junctional protein that controls vascular integrity, thus normalizing vessel structure and promoting tumor immunotherapy . Wang et al developed a small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles capable of tumor‐specifically inhibition of Nogo‐B receptors in both tumor and endothelial cells, inducing vessel normalization and inhibiting tumor metastasis. In addition, because the thick ECM can compress tumor vessels and lead to the irregular distribution of vessels within tumors, Jiang et al and Liu et al suggest that decompressing the ECM with hyaluronidase or a cyclopamine inhibitor can normalize tumor vasculature and improve the efficacy of nanoparticle‐based chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy …”

Modern ideas about the origin, features of morphology, prognostic and predictive significance of tumor vessels

“…Другим перспективным направлением является нормализация микроциркуляции в опухоли за счет воздействия на опухолевое микроокружение. Учитывая, что воспалительная инфильтрация стромы опухоли и ЭМТ являются наиболее значимыми факторами, непосредственно связанными с ангиогенезом, инвазивным ростом и метастазированием злокачественных опухолей, такой подход может иметь хорошие перспективы, о чем свидетельствуют отдельные современные исследования [97][98][99].…”