Delivery of fluids by the subcutaneous route

Gandhi, Jagdeep Singh; Patel, Vinod

doi:10.1136/pmj.76.897.453

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Figure 13 indicates that, although it may be possible to operate a SalSA at a low enough energy threshold to detect events at the 6.4 PeV Glashow Resonance for W -vector boson production via ν e + e − → W − , the node spacing required is below 100 m, implying an order of magnitude more array elements. Since, for a broad-spectrum neutrino source, the integral over the resonance is relatively small in terms of the number of events [28] compared to the continuum, the justification for the increased array density is not clear. In addition, the GZK neutrino spectrum peaks above ∼ 100 PeV.…”

Section: Thermal Noise Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerator measurements of the Askaryan effect in rock salt: A roadmap toward teraton underground neutrino detectors

et al. 2005

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We report on further SLAC measurements of the Askaryan effect: coherent radio emission from charge asymmetry in electromagnetic cascades. We used synthetic rock salt as the dielectric medium, with cascades produced by GeV bremsstrahlung photons at the Final Focus Test Beam. We extend our prior discovery measurements to a wider range of parameter space and explore the effect in a dielectric medium of great potential interest to large scale ultra-high energy neutrino detectors: rock salt (halite), which occurs naturally in high purity formations containing in many cases hundreds of km 3 of water-equivalent mass. We observed strong coherent pulsed radio emission over a frequency band from 0.2-15 GHz. A grid of embedded dual-polarization antennas was used to confirm the high degree of linear polarization and track the change of direction of the electric-field vector with azimuth around the shower. Coherence was observed over 4 orders of magnitude of shower energy. The frequency dependence of the radiation was tested over two orders of magnitude of UHF and microwave frequencies. We have also made the first observations of coherent transition radiation from the Askaryan charge excess, and the result agrees well with theoretical predictions. Based on these results we have performed a detailed and conservative simulation of a realistic GZK neutrino telescope array within a salt-dome, and we find it capable of detecting 10 or more contained events per year from even the most conservative GZK neutrino models.

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Section: Thermal Noise Backgroundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerator measurements of the Askaryan effect in rock salt: A roadmap toward teraton underground neutrino detectors

et al. 2005

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“…This may be the result of slow uptake or rapid elimination of the active metabolites due to intracellular compartmentalization, or deactivation of the compound in vivo as has been shown for other molecules [23]. Factors such as absorption indices and bioavailability are likely acting to make the subcutaneous route the most effective route of administration of the EO of V. arborea, where the speed of disintegration and dissolution of the drug occurred more rapidly [24][25][26]. This outcome means that the animal organism absorbed a larger amount of the drug, while plasma levels remained stable, thus generating the expected effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

In VitroandIn VivoAntimalarial Activity of Essential Oils and Chemical Components from Three Medicinal Plants Found in Northeastern Brazil

et al. 2012

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The prophylactic and therapeutic arsenal against malaria is quite restricted and all the antimalarials currently in use have limitations. Thus, there is a need to investigate medicinal plants in the search for phytochemicals which can be developed into drugs. In our investigation, essential oils (EOs) were obtained from Vanillosmopsis arborea (Gardner) Baker, Lippia sidoides Cham. and Croton zehntneri Pax & K. Hoffm., aromatic plants abundant in northeastern Brazil, which are found in the caatinga region and are used in traditional medicine. The chemical composition of these EOs was characterized by GC-MS, and monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were well represented. We assessed the in vitro activity of these EOs and also individual EO chemical components against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) and the in vivo activity of EOs in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The acute toxicity of these oils was assessed in healthy mice and in vitro cytotoxicity was determined at different concentrations against HeLa cells and mice macrophages. The EO of V. Arborea was partially active only when using the subcutaneous route (inhibited from 33 up to 47 %). In relation to the EOs, L. sidoides and C. zehntneri were active only by the oral route (per gavage) and partially inhibited the growth of P. berghei from 43 up to 55 % and showed good activity against P. falciparum in vitro (IC (50) = 7.00, 10.50, and 15.20 µg/mL, respectively). Individual EO constituents α-bisabolol, estragole, and thymol also exhibited good activity against P. falciparum (IC (50) = 5.00, 30.70, and 4.50 µg/mL, respectively). This is the first study showing evidence for the antimalarial activity of these species from northeastern Brazil and the low toxicity of their EOs.

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“…1 illustrates the signal emission geometry. At 100 EeV the interaction length of a neutrino is about 60 km [13]. Upon interaction, a cascade ∼ 10 m long forms, and Compton scattering, positron annihilation, and other processes lead to a ∼ 20% negative charge excess.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Since the mean inelasticity is y = 0.2, the threshold neutrino energy is ∼ 3 × 10 20 eV. Effective volume and acceptance vs. neutrino energy has been estimated via two independent Monte Carlo simulations, including the current estimates of both charged and neutral current cross sections [13], and the y distribution. The neutrino species are assumed to be fully mixed upon arrival.…”

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confidence: 99%

Experimental Limit on the Cosmic Diffuse Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Flux

et al. 2004

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We report results from 120 hours of livetime with the Goldstone Lunar Ultra-high energy neutrino Experiment (GLUE). The experiment searches for ≤ 10 ns microwave pulses from the lunar regolith, appearing in coincidence at two large radio telescopes separated by 22 km and linked by optical fiber. Such pulses would arise from subsurface electromagnetic cascades induced by interactions of ≥ 100 EeV neutrinos in the lunar regolith. No candidates are yet seen, and the implied limits constrain several current models for ultra-high energy neutrino fluxes.In 1962, G. Askaryan predicted that electromagnetic cascades in dense media should produce strong coherent pulses of microwave Cherenkov radiation [1]. Recent confirmation of this hypothesis at accelerators [2] strengthens the motivation to search for such emission from cascades induced by predicted high energy neutrino fluxes, closely related to the measured fluence of ≃ 10 20 eV cosmic rays in many models.Two such models, the Z-burst model [3], and a generic class known as Topological Defect (TD) models [4], predict ultrahigh energy (UHE) neutrinos with either monoenergetic or very hard energy spectra. In the Z-burst model, UHE neutrinos annihilate with relic cosmic background neutrinos via the νν → Z 0 channel. The Z 0 then decays rapidly in a burst of hadronic secondaries which create the observed ∼ 10 20 eV cosmic rays. The need to match the observed UHE cosmic ray fluxes and satisfy the current constraints on neutrino masses (which modify the annihilation resonance energy) then lead to a requirement on minimal neutrino fluxes at the resonance energy near 10 22−23 eV. The Z-burst model thus formally requires only neutrinos at a single energy, with no specification for how such a flux might be produced.The Z-burst model is also significant in that it is a variation on an earlier idea [5] in which the νν annihiliation process could be used as a probe of the cosmic background neutrinos, one of the few viable ways ever proposed for detection of these relic cosmological neutrinos-it requires only a sufficient flux of UHE neutrinos and a detector with the sensitivity to measure them. Constraints on these UHE ν fluxes thus can rule out this potential detection channel for the relics, in addition to excluding their role in UHE cosmic ray production.TD models, in contrast, postulate a very massive relic particle from the early universe which is decaying in the current epoch and producing secondaries observed as UHE cosmic rays. The required masses approach the Grand-Unified Theory (GUT) scale at ∼ 10 24 eV, and the decay products thus have a very hard spectrum extending up to the rest mass energy of the particles. Because of these very hard spectra, detectors optimized for lower-energy neutrinos, even up to PeV energies, do not yet constrain these models, and new approaches, such as the experiment we report on here, are required.Neutrinos with energies above 100 EeV (1 EeV = 10 18 eV) can produce cascades in the upper 10 m of the lunar regolith resulting in pulses that are...

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Delivery of fluids by the subcutaneous route

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Accelerator measurements of the Askaryan effect in rock salt: A roadmap toward teraton underground neutrino detectors

Accelerator measurements of the Askaryan effect in rock salt: A roadmap toward teraton underground neutrino detectors

In VitroandIn VivoAntimalarial Activity of Essential Oils and Chemical Components from Three Medicinal Plants Found in Northeastern Brazil

Experimental Limit on the Cosmic Diffuse Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Flux

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