Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland

Kukkonen, Ilmo; Heinonen, Suvi; Heikkinen, Pekka; Sorjonen-Ward, Peter

doi:10.1190/geo2012-0029.1

Cited by 19 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…These seismic data provided the motivation for a deep-drilling program at the Outokumpu site (Kukkonen et al, 2011b). Kukkonen et al (2012) present an overview of these results with focus on the exploration implications of their seismic images. In particular, a strong reflection imaged by their seismic data is associated to a massive sulfide mineralization, requiring further investigations.…”

Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future

et al. 2012

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Due to high metal prices and increased difficulties in finding shallower deposits, the exploration for and exploitation of mineral resources is expected to move to greater depths. Consequently, seismic methods will become a more important tool to help unravel structures hosting mineral deposits at great depth for mine planning and exploration. These methods also can be used with varying degrees of success to directly target mineral deposits at depth. We review important contributions that have been made in developing these techniques for the mining industry with focus on four main regions: Australia, Europe, Canada, and South Africa. A wide range of case studies are covered, including some that are published in the special issue accompanying this article, from surface to borehole seismic methods, as well as petrophysical data and seismic modeling of mineral deposits. At present, high-resolution 2D surveys mostly are performed in mining areas, but there is a general increasing trend in the use of 3D seismic methods, especially in mature mining camps.

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Section: Europementioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future

et al. 2012

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“…This assemblage typically includes serpentinite, talc-carbonate rock, skarn, and quartz rock. This rock sequence is seismically reflective internally and especially against the mica schists motivating attempts to map the ore-hosting lithologies at depth using the seismic reflection method [14][15][16]. In the Outokumpu area, as well as in Kylylahti, the ultramafic massif is enveloped by carbonate-skarn-quartz rocks that in turn are surrounded by sulfide bearing black schist [17].…”

Section: Geology and Survey Layoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland

et al. 2019

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We show that by using an advanced pre-stack depth imaging algorithm it is possible to retrieve meaningful and robust seismic images with sparse shot points, using only 3–4 source points per kilometer along a seismic profile. Our results encourage the use of 2D seismic reflection profiling as a reconnaissance tool for mineral exploration in areas with limited access for active seismic surveys. We used the seismic data acquired within the COGITO-MIN project comprising two approximately 6 km long seismic reflection profiles at the polymetallic Kylylahti massive sulfide mine site in eastern Finland. The 2D seismic data acquisition utilized both Vibroseis and dynamite sources with 20 m spacing and wireless receivers spaced every 10 m. For both source types, the recorded data show clear first breaks over all offsets and reflectors in the raw shot gathers. The Kylylahti area is characterized by folded and faulted, steeply dipping geological contacts and structures. We discuss post-stack and pre-stack data processing and compare time and depth imaging techniques in this geologically complex Precambrian hardrock area. The seismic reflection profiles show prominent reflectors at 4.5–8 km depth utilizing different migration routines. In the shallow subsurface, steep reflectors are imaged, and within and underneath the known Kylylahti ultramafic body reflectivity is prominent but discontinuous.

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“…In this special section, the overview paper by Malehmir et al (2012) covers a wide range of case studies from around the world. Notable contributions are those of White et al (2012), who present imaging of an ore bearing mine horizon of the Flim Flon mining camp in Canada using 3-D seismic data, and the paper by Kukkonen et al (2012) which uses seismic reflection data to study massive sulphide deposits in Finland. Urosevic et al (2012) use advanced 3-D seismic methods to target nickel sulphides in Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic Reflection for Hardrock Mineral Exploration: Lessons from Numerical Modeling

Greenhalgh

Manukyan

2013

JEEG

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The seismic reflection technique is an essential tool that is extensively applied in hydrocarbon exploration and development, but in hardrock mining and mineral exploration its use has been restricted. Ore bodies present quite elusive targets, in that they are often of limited lateral extent, have steep boundaries and complex shape, lie within high velocity undifferentiated rock and are characterized by small reflection signatures. Additional complications are that they occur at relatively shallow depth and the weak diffracted signals from the mineralization are frequently masked by many overlapping and interfering arrivals, especially mode conversions and reverberations within the weathered surface layer. Conventional CDP (common depth point) reflection profiling and even pre-stack migration reflection approaches do not favor the imaging of such structures.We have undertaken numerical model studies to determine the response of ore bodies and related geological structures (contacts, intrusions) with a view to detection and recognition on actual seismic sections. One type of modeling performed is 3-D acoustic, based on the Kirchhoff integral, to highlight the influence of out-of-plane reflections and the complicated diffraction patterns produced. The other type of modeling is full 2-D finite difference time-domain elastic simulation to not only study the reflection behavior of steeply dipping structures, but also to investigate the influence of mode conversions and to identify the most troublesome forms of noise. It is clear that ore bodies and associated geology present detectable targets, but the high velocity contrast at the base of weathering produces strong surface waves and reverberations which obscure the events of interest. The modeling can help in designing field layouts, which require long apertures and close detector spacing to image steep dips and avoid spatial aliasing problems. The classes of models investigated are quite limited, but the results nevertheless serve to illustrate the difficulties.

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Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future

Seismic methods in mineral exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case histories and a look into the future

Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland

Seismic Reflection for Hardrock Mineral Exploration: Lessons from Numerical Modeling

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