Delineating early developmental pathways to ADHD: Setting an international research agenda

Miller, Meghan; Arnett, Anne B.; Shephard, Elizabeth; Charman, Tony; Gustafsson, Hanna; Joseph, Heather M.; Karalunas, Sarah L.; Nigg, Joel T.; Polanczyk, Guilherme Vanoni; Sullivan, Elinor L.; Jones, Emily J.H.

doi:10.1002/jcv2.12144

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…There is overlap in early genetic liabilities related to the later expression of both phenotypes (Constantino et al., 2021 ), and autism and ADHD (and other early neurodevelopmental phenotypes) are underpinned by partially overlapping and partially separate developmental processes (Johnson et al., 2015 , 2021 ; Miller et al., 2020 ). Much progress has been made in understanding the early development of autism, including from infant FH studies, and recent progress is apparent in the early ADHD field (Miller et al., 2023 ). However, if as we demonstrate here, the ‘natural categories’ of atypical outcome of infants with a FH of autism and/or ADHD are not the autism and ADHD phenotypes in isolation, but broader atypical developmental and behavioural outcomes, then the field needs to embrace this challenge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three year outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Charman,

Pasco,

Hendry

et al. 2023

JCPP Advances

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BackgroundMost research on early outcomes in infants with a family history (FH) of autism has focussed on categorically defined autism, although some have language and developmental delays. Less is known about outcomes in infants with a FH of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsInfants with and without a FH of autism and/or ADHD, due to a first‐degree relative with either or both conditions, were recruited at 5 or 10 months. Three year outcomes were characterised using latent profile analysis (LPA) across measures of cognitive ability, adaptive functioning and autism, ADHD and anxiety traits (n = 131). We additionally ran an LPA using only autism and ADHD measures, and the broader LPA in an independent cohort (n = 139) and in both cohorts combined (n = 270).ResultsA Low Developmental Level + High Behavioural Concerns class had elevated autism, ADHD and anxiety scores, low cognitive and adaptive function, and included all but one child with autism. A Low Developmental Level + Typical Behaviour class had average cognitive ability and typical behaviour but low adaptive function. A Typical Developmental Level + Some Behavioural Concerns class had average cognitive and adaptive function but slightly elevated behaviour scores. A High Developmental Level + Typical Behaviour class had above average cognitive ability and typical behaviour. All four LPAs identified classes characterised by combinations of either, or both, Low Development Level and elevated behaviour scores, as well as a typically developing class. No classes had elevated autism or ADHD traits in isolation.ConclusionsSome infants with a FH of autism or ADHD have atypical developmental and behavioural outcomes, but do not show strong autism or ADHD traits in isolation. The field needs to recalibrate aims and methods to embrace the broader transdiagnostic pattern of outcomes seen in these infants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three year outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Charman,

Pasco,

Hendry

et al. 2023

JCPP Advances

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“…Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro-developmental disorder, with world-wide prevalence rates estimated at 3-5% (M. Miller et al, 2023). Most often diagnosed at school age (5-6 years), ADHD is characterised by heterogenous symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity.…”

Section: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most often diagnosed at school age (5-6 years), ADHD is characterised by heterogenous symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHD is highly heritable, with estimates ranging between 70-75% (M. Miller et al, 2023), and is often co-morbid with other developmental conditions, including autism, language delay, opposition defiant disorder and anxiety (M. Miller et al, 2023). Similar to ASD, atypicalities in early infancy have been identified before the onset of ADHD symptomatology (Shephard et al, 2022).…”

Section: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Research Review. ‘There, the dance is - at the still point of the turning world’: dynamic systems perspectives on co-regulation and dysregulation during early development

Wass¹,

Greenwood²,

Esposito³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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During development we transition from co-regulation (where regulatory processes are shared between child and caregiver) to self-regulation. Most early co-regulatory interactions aim to manage fluctuations in the infant’s arousal and alertness; but over time, co-regulatory processes become progressively elaborated to encompass other functions such as socio-communicative development, attention and executive control. The fundamental aim of co-regulation is to help maintain an optimal ‘critical state’ between hypo- and hyper-activity. Early co-regulatory processes involve both passive entrainment, through which a child’s state entrains to the caregiver’s, and active contingent responsiveness, through which the caregiver changes their behaviour in response to behaviours from the child. Contingent responsiveness operates via negative feedback, through which the behavioural changes from the caregiver compensate for increases and decreases in the child, to help maintain an intermediate critical state. Similar principles, of interactive but asymmetric contingency, drive joint attention and the maintenance of epistemic states as well as arousal/alertness, emotion regulation, and socio-communicative development. Here, we review work that directly observed child-adult co-regulatory interactions in the context of psychopathology. Early co-regulatory processes are thought to play a role in the development of attachment and can develop atypically in a range of ways, across conditions including premature birth, Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, anxiety and depression. The most well-known of these is insufficient contingent responsiveness, leading to reduced synchrony, which has been shown across a range of modalities in different disorders, and which is the target of most current interventions. We also present evidence that excessive contingent responsiveness/synchrony can develop in some circumstances. And we show that positive feedback interactions can develop, which are contingent but mutually amplificatory child-caregiver interactions that drive the child further from their critical state. We discuss implications of these findings for future intervention research, and directions for future work.

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“…As a result, less invasive devices are available (i.e., eye-trackers), which provide the child with a computer interaction community and allow understanding of how children engage with digital technologies, letting novel insights into their visual and cognitive processing [18]. Eye tracking is a method for identifying diagnostic biomarkers with evidence in children with ASD [19][20][21], ADHD [22][23][24][25], ID [26][27][28], SLD [29,30], and CD [24,27]. The role of the autonomic nervous system has earned consideration for many types of neurophysiological features of NDs, such as ASD [31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employing Classification Techniques on SmartSpeech Biometric Data towards Identification of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Toki

Tatsis

et al. 2023

Signals

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Early detection and evaluation of children at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and/or communication deficits is critical. While the current literature indicates a high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, many children remain undiagnosed, resulting in missed opportunities for effective interventions that could have had a greater impact if administered earlier. Clinicians face a variety of complications during neurodevelopmental disorders’ evaluation procedures and must elevate their use of digital tools to aid in early detection efficiently. Artificial intelligence enables novelty in taking decisions, classification, and diagnosis. The current research investigates the efficacy of various machine learning approaches on the biometric SmartSpeech datasets. These datasets come from a new innovative system that includes a serious game which gathers children’s responses to specifically designed speech and language activities and their manifestations, intending to assist during the clinical evaluation of neurodevelopmental disorders. The machine learning approaches were used by utilizing the algorithms Radial Basis Function, Neural Network, Deep Learning Neural Networks, and a variation of Grammatical Evolution (GenClass). The most significant results show improved accuracy (%) when using the eye tracking dataset; more specifically: (i) for the class Disorder with GenClass (92.83%), (ii) for the class Autism Spectrum Disorders with Deep Learning Neural Networks layer 4 (86.33%), (iii) for the class Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Deep Learning Neural Networks layer 4 (87.44%), (iv) for the class Intellectual Disability with GenClass (86.93%), (v) for the class Specific Learning Disorder with GenClass (88.88%), and (vi) for the class Communication Disorders with GenClass (88.70%). Overall, the results indicated GenClass to be nearly the top competitor, opening up additional probes for future studies toward automatically classifying and assisting clinical assessments for children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

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Delineating early developmental pathways to ADHD: Setting an international research agenda

Cited by 8 publications

References 123 publications

Three year outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Three year outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Annual Research Review. ‘There, the dance is - at the still point of the turning world’: dynamic systems perspectives on co-regulation and dysregulation during early development

Employing Classification Techniques on SmartSpeech Biometric Data towards Identification of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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