Delaying harvest for naturally drying maize grain increases the risk of kernel rot and fumonisin contamination

Costa, R. V. da; Queiróz, Valéria Aparecida Vieira; Cota, L. V.; Lanza, F.; Almeida, Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de; Pereira, Alan Alves; Alves, Rosiana Rodrigues; Campos, L. J. M.

doi:10.1007/s40858-018-0234-0

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Environments with higher temperatures may influence the production of high concentrations of fumonisin in maize (Rosa Junior et al 2019 ). Another study of Brazilian maize indicated that a GM hybrid with insect resistance (DKB390 YG) showed greater genetic resistance to the infection by F. verticillioides and fumonisin accumulation when compared with the other evaluated hybrids (da Costa et al 2018 ). However, within the hybrids used, no comparisons were made between the GM cv and the direct isogenic non-GM line.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce mycotoxin risk, hybrid selection criteria should include partial resistance to ear rot diseases, appropriate maturity range, husk coverage characteristics and adaptation to local conditions of abiotic stress (Munkvold 2014 ). da Costa et al ( 2018 ) demonstrated that delaying harvest for minimising drying costs may increase the risk of mycotoxin contamination in maize in the tropics of Brazil. Sampietro et al ( 2009 ) suggested that kernel factors are involved in resistance to fumonisin accumulation in the maize.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

et al. 2020

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There is little knowledge of the microbial diversity, mycotoxins and associated secondary metabolites in GM maize and isogenic non-GM cultivars (cvs). This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g−1 maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and occasionally Cladosporium and Alternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different metabolites were detected. These were dominated by fumonisins and minor Penicillium spp. metabolites (questiomycin A and rugulovasine A). Interestingly, the range and number of mycotoxins present in the GM cvs were significantly lower than in the non-GM maize samples. This suggests that while the fungal diversity of the two types of maize appeared to be very similar, the major contaminant mycotoxins and range of toxic secondary metabolites were much lower in the GM cvs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

et al. 2020

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“…A positive correlation was found between the FUM content in maize and the delay (in days) of the harvest. It was also found that harvesting before the optimal harvest time, even though the crops were mature, resulted in reduced FUM formation [ 20 ]. This effect was also reported by Atukwase, et al [ 21 ] and Mansfield, et al [ 22 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents

Hoffmans

Schaarschmidt

Fauhl-Hassek

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production of multiple mycotoxins. The way feed materials are dried after harvest influences the concentration of mycotoxins therein. Applying fungicides on the feed materials after harvest as well as cleaning and sorting can lower the concentration of mycotoxins. During milling, mycotoxins might be redistributed in cereal feed materials and fractions thereof. It is important to know which parts of the cereals are used for feed production and whether or not mycotoxins predominantly accumulate in these fractions. For feed production, mostly the milling fractions with outer parts of cereals, such as bran and shorts, are used, in which mycotoxins concentrate during processing. Wet-milling of grains can lower the mycotoxin content in these parts of the grain. However, this is typically accompanied by translocation of mycotoxins to the liquid fractions, which might be added to by-products used as feed. Mycotoxin binders can be added during mixing of feed materials. Although binders do not remove mycotoxins from the feed, the mycotoxins become less bioavailable to the animal and, in the case of food-producing animals, to the consumer, lowering the adverse effects of mycotoxins. The effect of extruding cereal feed materials is dependent on several factors, but in principle, mycotoxin contents are decreased after extrusion cooking. The results on ensiling are not uniform; however, most of the data show that mycotoxin production is supported during ensiling when oxygen can enter this process. Overall, the results of the literature review suggest that factors preventing mycotoxin production have greater impact than factors lowering the mycotoxin contents already present in feed materials.

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“…Higher precipitation and lower temperatures before harvest and the delayed harvest of maize in different climate zones than ours have been observed to result in higher levels of Fusarium spp. and elevated mycotoxin contamination [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. However, there is still a lack of information about the impact of delayed harvest time on maize grain infestation in our region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Ustilago maydis and Delayed Harvesting on A- and B-Type Trichothecene Concentrations in Maize Grain

Venslovas

Mankevičienè

Kochiieru

et al. 2023

JoF

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether, in the context of a higher incidence of Ustilago maydis and Fusarium spp. at optimal and delayed harvest times, a higher incidence of mycotoxin contamination in maize grains could be expected. The field experiment was carried out at the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry experimental fields over three consecutive years (2020–2022). Two maize hybrids (Duxxbury and Lapriora) with different FAO numbers were used. The experimental design in the field was a randomized complete block design. Harvesting took place at three different times: first at physiological maturity, and then 10 (±2) and 20 (±2) days after the first harvest. Each hybrid had four repetitions at different harvest times. The U. maydis infection was only detected in 2021 and after the first harvest cobs were further divided into four different groups with four repetitions: healthy cobs, cobs visually infected with Fusarium spp., cobs visually infected with common smut, and cobs visually infected with both pathogens. No U. maydis-damaged maize cobs were found in 2020 and 2022. The levels of Fusarium microscopic fungi in maize grains were also from 4 to 16 times higher in 2021 than in 2020 and 2022. Harvest delays in 2020 led to a significant deoxynivalenol concentration increase in the Duxxbury hybrid and an HT-2 concentration increase in the Lapriora hybrid. In 2021, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 concentrations significantly rose in both hybrids, but the T-2 concentration significantly increased only in the Lapriora hybrid. Deoxynivalenol concentrations were, respectively, 110 and 14.6 times higher than in cobs only infected with Fusarium spp. or U. maydis. Concentrations of 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol were, respectively, 60, 67, and 43 times higher than in asymptomatic cobs and cobs only infected with Fusarium spp. or U. maydis. Cobs contaminated with both pathogens also had higher concentrations of 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol. T-2 and HT-2 were detected in maize grains harvested from cobs infected only with Fusarium spp. The presence of U. maydis and Fusarium fungi in maize cobs, along with harvest delays, led to significant increases in mycotoxin concentrations, highlighting the importance of timely harvesting and pathogen management to mitigate mycotoxin contamination in maize grains.

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Delaying harvest for naturally drying maize grain increases the risk of kernel rot and fumonisin contamination

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents

The Effect of Ustilago maydis and Delayed Harvesting on A- and B-Type Trichothecene Concentrations in Maize Grain

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