Delayed Stent Deformity Secondary to Unrecognized Ballon Angioplasty Behind the Stent Struts

Satuluri, Pallavi; Makam, Kasaiah; Vijaykumar, S.; Wasty, Najam; Kaid, Khalil

doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(19)33454-0

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Meanwhile, as a disadvantage, BMS acted as a foreign object for the immune system and this may respond to this intrusive object in a variety of ways: macrophages (white blood cells) accumulate around the stent, and nearby Smooth Muscle Cells (SMC) proliferate, disrupting the process of endothelialization; migration and proliferation of vascular SMC from the media to the intima, generating an extra cellular matrix layer in the intima (intimal hyperplasia) followed by a narrowing of the luminal area (see Figure 2) [5,6]. It is likely that the phenomenon of thickened intima is due to the leukocytes that adhere to the activated endothelium and disrupt its recovery [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In-stents coronary restenosis after coronary angioplasty with the bare metal stents, reproduced with permission from [3].…”

Section: Evolution Of Cardiovascular Stentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of In Vitro Drug Release Methods for Drug-Eluting Stents

et al. 2022

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The drug release profile of drug-eluting stents (DESs) is affected by a number of factors, including the formulation, design, and physicochemical properties of the utilized material. DES has been around for twenty years and despite its widespread clinical use, and efficacy in lowering the rate of target lesion restenosis, it still requires additional development to reduce side effects and provide long-term clinical stability. Unfortunately, for analyzing these implants, there is still no globally accepted in vitro test method. This is owing to the stent’s complexity as well as the dynamic arterial compartments of the blood and vascular wall. The former is the source of numerous biological, chemical, and physical mechanisms that are more commonly observed in tissue, lumen, and DES. As a result, universalizing bio-relevant apparatus, suitable for liberation testing of such complex implants is difficult. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the methods used for in vitro release testing of DESs. Aspects related to the correlation of the release profiles in the cases of in vitro and in vivo are also addressed.

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