Delayed response of human melanopsin retinal ganglion cells on the pupillary light reflex

Tsujimura, Sei-ichi; Tokuda, Yasuhiro

doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00846.x

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Recently, a new method using a silent-substitution technique was used to stimulate ipRGCs independently of rods and cones [18], [39]–[41]. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the association between OPN4 polymorphism and human physiological responses to light in various ways in order to clarify the functional role of ipRGCs in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose-Dependent Manner

et al. 2013

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BackgroundMelanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) play an important role in non-image forming responses to light, such as circadian photoentrainment, light-induced melatonin suppression, and pupillary light response. Although it is known that there are some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the melanopsin (OPN4) gene in humans, the associations of the SNPs with non-image forming responses to light remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the associations of melanopsin gene polymorphisms with pupillary light response.MethodsJapanese university students (mean age: 21.0±1.7 years) with the genotypes of TT (n = 38), TC (n = 28) and CC (n = 7) at rs1079610 (I394T) located in the coding region participated in the present study. They were matched by age and sex ratio. Dark-adapted pupil size (<1 lx) was first measured. Then steady-state pupil size was measured during exposure to five lighting conditions (10 lx, 100 lx, 1000 lx, 3000 lx, 6000 lx in the vertical direction at eye level).ResultsSignificant interaction between the genotype of I394T (TT versus TC+CC) and luminance levels was found in pupil size. Under high illuminance levels (1000 lx, 3000 lx and 6000 lx), pupil sizes in subjects with the C allele were significantly smaller than those in subjects with the TT genotype. On the other hand, pupil size in subjects with the C allele under low illuminance (<1 lx) was significantly larger than that in subjects with the TT genotype. Percentages of pupil constriction under high illuminance levels were significantly greater in subjects with the C allele than in subjects with the TT genotype.ConclusionsHuman melanopsin gene polymorphism I394T interacted with irradiance in association with pupil size. This is the first evidence suggesting a functional connection between melanopsin gene polymorphism and pupillary light response as an index of non-image forming response to light.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose-Dependent Manner

et al. 2013

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“…In order to study the photoreceptor inputs to the circadian system in humans (three cone classes, rods, and melanopsin), at least five independent light sources are necessary. Although silent substitution has not to our knowledge been employed to study human circadian biology, it has been successfully employed to study the role of melanopsin, as well as the interactions between melanopsin and the cones (Barrionuevo and Cao, 2016; Cao et al, 2015; Fukuda et al, 2010; Spitschan et al., 2014; Tsujimura and Tokuda, 2011; Viénot et al, 2010), and may be a useful method to probe the photoreceptor mechanisms in the human NIF visual system.…”

Section: Future Directions To Study Color Sensitivity In Human Nifmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatic clocks: Color opponency in non-image-forming visual function

Spitschan

Lucas

Brown

2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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During dusk and dawn, the ambient illumination undergoes drastic changes in irradiance (or intensity) and spectrum (or color). While the former is a well-studied factor in synchronizing behavior and physiology to the earth’s 24-h rotation, color sensitivity in the regulation of circadian rhythms has not been systematically studied. Drawing on the concept of color opponency, a well-known property of image-forming vision in many vertebrates (including humans), we consider how the spectral shifts during twilight are encoded by a color-opponent sensory system for non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, including phase shifting and melatonin suppression. We review electrophysiological evidence for color sensitivity in the pineal/parietal organs of fish, amphibians and reptiles, color coding in neurons in the circadian pacemaker in mice as well as sporadic evidence for color sensitivity in NIF visual functions in birds and mammals. Together, these studies suggest that color opponency may be an important modulator of light-driven physiological and behavioral responses.

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“…In a prior study, we investigated responses to light stimuli with the four-primary illumination system [9,10], which modulates stimulus levels to the mRGC and cones independently, and responses to contrasts, which were stimulus levels of the mRGCs to background, were recorded in the electroretinogram (ERG) [11]. The ERG response to mRGC stimulation rose linearly with the contrast of the stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

Fukuda

Higuchi

Yasukouchi

et al. 2012

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundThe discovery of the novel photoreceptor, melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), has raised researchers’ interest in photoreceptive tasks performed by the mRGC, especially in non-image-forming visual functions. In a prior study, we investigated the mRGC response to light stimuli independent of rods and cones with the four-primary illumination system, which modulates stimulus levels to the mRGC and cones independently, and mRGC baseline responses were recorded in the electroretinogram (ERG).MethodsIn the present study, we used the same illumination system to compare independent responses of the mRGC and cones in five subjects (mean ± SD age, 23.0 ± 1.7 years). The ERG waveforms were examined as direct measurements of responses of the mRGCs and cones to stimulation (250 msec). Implicit times (the time taken to peaks) and peak values from 30 stimuli given to each subject were analyzed.ResultsTwo distinct positive peaks appeared in the mRGC response, approximately 80 msec after the onset of the stimuli and 30 msec after their offset, while no such peaks appeared in the cone response. The response to the mRGC stimulus was significantly higher than that to the cone stimulus at approximately 80 msec (P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than the cone stimulus at approximately 280 msec (P = 0.08).ConclusionsImplicit time of the first peak was much longer than that to the b-wave and this delay might reflect mRGC’s sluggish responses. This is the first report of amplitudes and implicit time in the ERG from the response of the mRGC that is independent of rods and cones, and obtained using the four-primary illumination system.

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Delayed response of human melanopsin retinal ganglion cells on the pupillary light reflex

Cited by 44 publications

References 47 publications

Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose-Dependent Manner

Melanopsin Gene Polymorphism I394T Is Associated with Pupillary Light Responses in a Dose-Dependent Manner

Chromatic clocks: Color opponency in non-image-forming visual function

Distinct responses of cones and melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells in the human electroretinogram

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