Delayed Onset of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Male Combat Veterans: A Case Series

Ruzich, Michelle J; Looi, Jeffrey Cl; Robertson, Michael

doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.5.424

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Some older veterans are diagnosed with delayed PTSD for the first time after retirement and after they suffer painful, disabling conditions of old age and the deaths of friends and spouses [104]. The authors of this study suggested that the PTSD symptoms may have been due to environmental stressors along with age-related neurodegeneration.…”

Section: Longitudinal Coursementioning

confidence: 78%

Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury

Kennedy

Jaffee

Leskin³

et al. 2007

JRRD

238

157

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Abstract-In this article, we review the literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD-like symptoms that can occur along with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion, with specific reference to concussive injuries in the military. We address four major areas: (1) clinical aspects of TBI and PTSD, including diagnostic criteria, incidence, predictive factors, and course; (2) biological interface between PTSD and TBI; (3) comorbidity between PTSD and other mental disorders that can occur after mild TBI; and (4) current treatments for PTSD, with specific considerations related to treatment for patients with mild TBI or concussive injuries.

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Section: Longitudinal Coursementioning

confidence: 78%

Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury

Kennedy

Jaffee

Leskin³

et al. 2007

JRRD

238

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In this explanation, the age-related decreases in attention and memory function account for the possible recurrence of PTSD (Floyd et al ., 2002). Likewise, neurodegenerative underpinnings of aging have been implicated in explaining the recurrence of PTSD in old age (Ruzich et al ., 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hart et al ., 2008), lower social support (Acierno et al ., 2002; Alpass et al ., 2004), current level of PTSD symptoms of spouse (Bramsen et al ., 2002), use of immature defense mechanisms (Brodaty et al ., 2004), and personality factors such as neuroticism and antagonism (van Zelst et al ., 2003; Brodaty et al ., 2004; Chung et al ., 2006). Current cognitive status may also represent a noteworthy risk factor in the elderly population, especially with respect to the emergence or re-emergence of PTSD in old age after years of absent or well-controlled symptoms (Johnston, 2000; Mittal et al ., 2001; van Achterberg et al ., 2001; Floyd et al ., 2002; Cook et al ., 2003; Alpass et al ., 2004; Ruzich et al ., 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTSD in the elderly: the interaction between trauma and aging

Lapp

Agbokou

Ferreri

2011

Int. Psychogeriatr.

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PTSD in the elderly must be considered within the context of normal aging. Strong claims about an interaction between PTSD and aging are difficult to make due to sample heterogeneity, but it is clear that PTSD in this age group presents unique aspects not seen in younger cohorts. Further research must integrate their studies with the biological, psychological, and social changes already associated with the aging process.

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“…Further research should investigate whether these strategies could be generalized to geriatric patients in a sense that elderly people who experienced a trauma at some point in their life and are still or again suffering a significant level of distress [44], could benefit from psychotherapies that support biographic integration of the trauma into their life and that facilitate finding meaning in adversity [45,46].…”

Section: Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Growth, Social Acknowledgment as Survivors, and Sense of Coherence in Former German Child Soldiers of World War II

Forstmeier

Kuwert

Spitzer

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

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Objectives: To examine posttraumatic growth and its predictors social acknowledgment as survivors, sense of coherence, trauma severity, and further factors in former child soldiers more than 60 years after deployment. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: University-based geropsychiatric center in Germany. Participants: 103 former German child soldiers of World War II, mean age 78 years, 96% experienced at least one war trauma. Measurement: Subjects completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ), and Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms were assessed by the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Depression, anxiety, and somatization were assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Results: Number of traumas, recognition by significant others, and general disapproval as facets of social acknowledgment as a survivor, and meaningfulness as a dimension of sense of coherence correlated significantly with posttraumatic growth. In a multiple hierarchical regression analysis, recognition as a survivor by significant others (SAQ) and meaningfulness (SOC) remained the only significant predictors of posttraumatic growth. Conclusion: Social acknowledgment as a survivor by significant others and the belief that the world is meaningful are among the most important factors contributing to posttraumatic growth. Further research should investigate whether treatments of PTSD in people who experienced war traumas recently or many years ago might benefit from a focus on the belief system and the role of family and social support.

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Delayed Onset of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Male Combat Veterans: A Case Series

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury

Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury

PTSD in the elderly: the interaction between trauma and aging

Posttraumatic Growth, Social Acknowledgment as Survivors, and Sense of Coherence in Former German Child Soldiers of World War II

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