Delayed NH<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O uptake by maize leaves

Grundmann, G. L.; Lensi, R.; Chalamet, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03815.x

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The other part was stored and gradually assimilated over the following 6 d (Grundmann, Lensi & Chalamet, 1993). Although in this experiment the NH $ concentration far exceeded the realistic concentrations already mentioned, and the exposure period was very short compared with the field situation, these results suggest that shoot uptake of NH y might involve two phases ; storage, followed by gradual assimilation.…”

Section: Evidence For Reversible Storage Of Nh Y \No X Before Assimilmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Various locations have been proposed for the storage of NH y \NO x within the leaf : the apoplastic water film of the mesophyll cells around the substomatal cavity (Grundmann et al, 1993) and\or the vacuoles within the cytoplasm. The experiments of showed a change in NH % + concentration in the apoplastic solution upon fumigation with realistic concentrations of NH $ .…”

Section: Evidence For Reversible Storage Of Nh Y \No X Before Assimilmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

et al. 1998

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 Dry deposition of NH$ and NO x (NO and NO # ) can affect plant metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant level. Gaseous pollutants enter the plant mainly through the stomata, and once in the apoplast NH $ dissolves to form NH % + , whereas NO # dissolves to form NO $ − and NO # − . The latter compound can also be formed after exposure to NO. There is evidence that NH $ -N and NO x -N can be reversibly stored in the apoplast. Temporary storage might affect processes such as absorption rate, assimilation and re-emission. Once formed, NO $ − and NO # − can be reduced, and NH % + can be assimilated via the normal enzymatic pathways, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase and the glutamine synthetase\glutamate synthase (GS\GOGAT) cycle. Fumigation with low concentrations of atmospheric NH $ increases in vitro glutamine synthetase activity, but whether this involves both or only one of the GS isoforms is still an open question. There seems to be no correlation between fumigation with low concentrations of NH $ and in vitro GDH activity. The contribution of atmospheric NH $ and NO # deposition to the N budget of the whole plant has been calculated for various atmospheric pollutant concentrations and relative growth rates (s). It is concluded that at current ambient atmospheric N concentrations the direct impact of gaseous N uptake by foliage on plant growth is generally small. Key words : Apoplastic storage, gaseous nitrogen deposition, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, plant nitrogen demand, sulphur dioxide root\shoot interaction, ammonia, nitrogen oxides. Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen-containing air pollutants far exceed natural emissions in Europe and North America. These emissions cause two types of effect : generation of tropospheric O $ , and excess N deposition, which can result in direct phytotoxic effects, eutrophication, acidification and stimulation of greenhouse gas production. Anthropogenic emissions of N-containing air pollutants have resulted in atmospheric N deposition 5-20 times higher than in natural conditions. Indications of N excess in the field can be seen from : (1) changes in the species composition of indigenous vegetation types, with an increase in nitrophilous species and a decrease in others, and (2) increases in foliar N * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail : g.stulen!biol.rug.nl. Abbreviations : GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase ; GS, glutamine synthetase ; GOGAT, glutamate synthase ; , net nitrate uptake rate ; NR, nitrate reductase ; P95, 95 percentile ; , plant nitrogen content ; , relative growth rate.

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Section: Evidence For Reversible Storage Of Nh Y \No X Before Assimilmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Evidence For Reversible Storage Of Nh Y \No X Before Assimilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

et al. 1998

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“…It has been suggested there is some level of storage (in the apoplast or in cellular vacuoles) of NO 3 -and NH 4 ? before eventual assimilation (Grundmann et al 1993;Qiao and Murray 1997). However, these studies were conducted at very high concentrations and similar storage has not been reported in studies conducted at realistic atmospheric concentrations.…”

Section: Physiological Ecology Of Foliar Uptakementioning

confidence: 96%

Ecological ramifications of the direct foliar uptake of nitrogen

2008

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The foliar incorporation of various reactive forms of nitrogen (N) has been identified and studied for nearly 30 years. However, the ecosystem-level ramifications of this uptake pathway have only recently been considered by the scientific community. In this review, I present our current understanding of the foliar uptake process and then discuss why this pathway of N addition to ecosystems should be considered separately from the bulk deposition of N to the soil surface. Direct foliar uptake is a direct addition of N to plant metabolism and could potentially more readily influence plant growth compared to soildeposited N. Current ecosystem process models do not partition reactive N between foliar and soil entry pathways and the influence of N deposition on ecosystem C sequestration is likely inadequately represented in most models. I also outline several research priorities for the future understanding of the ecological consequences of foliar uptake of reactive N.

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“…the current one, or the Eemian (Ipswichian) 130 000-115 000 yr ago) (Raynaud et al, 1993). The chemical effects on plants of the increased N # O level in interglacials and the decrease in glacials (Leuenberger & Siegenthaler, 1992 ;Raynaud et al, 1993) is not clear, although there is some evidence that plants can metabolize N # O (Grundmann, Lensi & Chalamet, 1993). Whether variations in terrestrial or marine denitrification are the cause of the glacial-interglacial shifts in N # O level is not clear ; at all events variations in source rather than sinks seem most likely.…”

Section: (3) Spatial and Temporal Variations In Combined N In The Atmmentioning

confidence: 99%

The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants

Raven

Yin

1998

New Phytologist

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Ammonia was necessary for the origin of life. However, NH3 would not have been a significant component of the neutral or mildly reducing (N2, CO2, H2O) atmosphere which characterized the Hadean earth (>3·8 Gyr ago), especially in view of the u.v. lability of NH3, the greater u.v. output of the young sun than pertains today, and the absence of an atmospheric u.v. screen. Heterogeneous phase reactions, following atmospheric chemistry, have been proposed as a prebiotic NH3 source. Lightning, or bolides (meteorites and comets), generated NOx., and Fe2+ in the sea could have reduced NO2− resulting from the NOx. to NH4+; this disequilibrium NH4+ level could have supported the production of the nitrogenous organic building blocks of life. NOx. and NHy thus could both have had important roles in the origin and evolution of life. Burgeoning biota could soon have depleted abiotically generated NH4+, and biological N2 fixation could have evolved in its present Fe‐demanding, O2‐sensitive forms in the Archaean O2‐free, Fe2+‐rich environment. Organic matter could have driven biological denitrification reactions based on NO2− and NO3− generated abiologically using some redox components which evolved in earlier chemolithotrophs and photolithotrophs, regenerating atmospheric NOx. and producing N2O. Any atmospheric NH3 leaking from oceanic biology would have been subject to u.v. breakdown and rain‐out. Although O2‐evolving photosynthesis probably began in the Archean some 3·5 Gyr ago, any O2 accumulation was local until 2·0 Gyr ago (Proterozoic) due to consumption by oxidation of Fe2+ and S2−. However, localized O2 accumulation before 2·0 Gyr ago could account for the observed early evolution of cytochrome oxidase and the possibility of O2‐consuming chemolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic nitrification, with further possibilities of NOx. production. Oxygen accumulation globally from 2·0 Gyr onwards coincided approximately with the evolution of eukaryotes, which contributed phagotrophy to the reactions of the N cycle as well as the nutrification‐like aerobic production of NO. by nitric oxide synthetase, while lightning and bolides could now generate NO. from N2 and O2. Evidence for terrestrial ecosystems is found from 1·0 Gyr onwards; NOx. and NH3 generated by terrestrial biota stands a greater chance of escaping to the atmosphere than do these compounds generated in the sea where recycling within the water body is likely. As CO2 levels fell and O2 levels rose, NH3 cycling in the photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle might have been evident as early as 1 Gyr ago, although this does not seem to be a major contributor to atmospheric NH3 today. Embryophyte evolution on land 450 Myr ago, together with symbionts and biophages, increased primary productivity and N cycling on land, with greater quantitative possibilities for NOx. and NH3 escape to the atmosphere. The evolution of lignin (and related phenylpropanoids) at least 400 Myr ago, with associated NH3 recycling in vascular land plant, does not seem (on present evidence) to incre...

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Delayed NH₃ and N₂O uptake by maize leaves

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

Ecological ramifications of the direct foliar uptake of nitrogen

The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants

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Delayed NH3 and N2O uptake by maize leaves

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

Impact of gaseous nitrogen deposition on plant functioning

Ecological ramifications of the direct foliar uptake of nitrogen

The past, present and future of nitrogenous compounds in the atmosphere, and their interactions with plants

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Product

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Delayed NH₃ and N₂O uptake by maize leaves