Delayed neuroprotection by riluzole against excitotoxic damage evoked by kainate on rat organotypic spinal cord cultures

Neuroprotective efficacy of naringin on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the modulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in PC12 cells

“…LDH is often used as a marker to detect cellular damage during toxic insults [43]. Figure 3 shows the effect of naringin on 3-NP-induced LDH release from PC12 cells.…”

Functional and histopathological changes induced by intraparenchymal injection of kainic acid in the rat cervical spinal cord

“…It has been shown that high extracellular concentrations of glutamate evoke spinal damage in vivo (Liu et al, 1999;Matsui et al, 2005). KA induces an intracellular influx of Ca 2+ that leads to the production of free radicals, the hyperactivation of the intracellular enzymes poly (ADP) ribose polymerase-1 and ATPase, thus triggering energy failure, DNA damage and neuronal death (Mazzone and Nistri, 2011;Mitra et al, 2013).…”

A study of the potential neuroprotective effect of riluzole on locomotor networks of the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro damaged by excitotoxicity

“…The concentration of kainate was chosen according to Mazzone et al (2010) who showed that 0.05 mM (threshold) kainate abolished the locomotor network function for at least 24 h with a moderate degree of cell damage, while stronger damage was produced by 0.1 mM. The majority of experiments were done with 5 lM concentration of riluzole because it is similar to the plasma therapeutic concentration used in clinical trials in patients with ALS (Bellingham, 2011), and can provide neuroprotection together with inhibition of glutamate release from organotypic spinal slices in culture (Cifra et al, 2011;Mazzone and Nistri, 2011). In a few experiments, we also tested 15 lM riluzole, which is the largest dose previously used in neonatal rat spinal cord studies (Tazerart et al, 2007;Kwon et al, 2011).…”

“…A large number of studies that have been performed to clarify if riluzole could combat various types of neurodegeneration, have produced mixed results depending on the models used in vivo (Verhave et al, 2012) or in vitro (Rammes et al, 2008;Chang et al, 2010;Mazzone and Nistri, 2011).…”