Delayed development of amnesia following electroconvulsive shock

McGaugh, James L.; Landfield, Philip W.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90197-6

Cited by 110 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Therefore, intact performance on a short-term test simply shows that the STM is still intact. However, the same pattern has also been observed in ECS studies: performance is generally intact when tested shortly after ECS delivery (e.g., 15m delay) and impairments are only apparent on delayed tests (e.g., 60m delay ;Geller & Jarvik, 1968b;McGaugh & Landfield, 1970;R. R. Miller & Springer, 1971).…”

Section: Multiple Temporal Gradientssupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Because the PSI would have no influence on the electrophysiological activity associated with the STM trace, but would disrupt protein-synthesis necessary for the formation of the LTM trace, performance should remain una ected after a short delay because the STM trace is intact. However, in studies using electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which does disrupt the STM trace, the same pattern was observed (e.g., Geller & Jarvik, 1968b;McGaugh & Landfield, 1970;R. R. Miller & Springer, 1971).…”

Section: Description Of Criterionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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Section: Multiple Temporal Gradientssupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Description Of Criterionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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“…Hence, it need not reflect decay of a "short-term" memory process that is independent of protein synthesis and that has a fixed lifetime of several hours as we and others (10) have previously argued. Recent studies with electroconvulsive shock have also reported that the time required for the retention score to decrease to asymptote is variable, and depends on the time after training when the electroconvulsive shock is administered (11,12) or on the magnitude of the shock (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable Decay of Memory and Its Recovery in Cycloheximide-Treated Mice

Squire

Barondes

1972

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

108

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Mice were trained in an automated visualdiscrimination task. When injected with cycloheximide before training, mice showed: (a) some impairment of memory within minutes after the beginning of training, (b) gradual development of total amnesia in less than 3 hr or in more than 6 hr after training, depending on the extent of training, and (c) spontaneous recovery of memory within 3 days after training. The results are consistent with the operation of three processes of memory storage: (i) a short-term process that is independent of protein synthesis, (ii) a long-term process that is dependent on protein synthesis, and (iii) a slow-developing memory storage that becomes apparent during the days after training.Previous studies on effects of cycloheximide and acetoxycycloheximide on learning and memory in mice given brief training have repeatedly demonstrated normal acquisition in the presence of these potent inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis, normal retention for about 3 hr, and then marked and permanent amnesia by 6 hr after training (1, 2). These experiments suggested a simple view of learning and memory in mice. Since acquisition and retention for at least 3 hr were normal during marked inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis, it seemed reasonable to postulate a "short-term" memory storage process that is independent of protein synthesis, with a fixed lifetime of 3-6 hr. Since long-term retention was impaired only if the drug were given shortly before or very shortly after training, a "long-term" memory storage process that is dependent on protein synthesis was also postulated that is normally initiated during training or within minutes there-FIG. 1. The Deutsch Carousel for training a discrimination habit in mice. Mice are placed in the apparatus while facing position A. The mouse is then rotated to position B for trial one, and then to adjacent positions for subsequent trials. At each position, the mouse must touch the small object to escape shock. Once the mouse has been secured in the apparatus, the entire training procedure is controlled by a PDP/8L computer.after. With decline of the proposed "short-term" process after 3 hr, absence of the "long-term" process is detectable and amnesia is observed.Recent experiments in a multiple-trial, automated discrimination task and the work of others suggest that the situation is somewhat more complex. In the present report, we describe studies indicating that (a) cycloheximide impairs the gradual acquisition of a discrimination task when training is continued beyond 20-30 trials, although it does not affect acquisition up to this point, (b) memory is detectable for less than 3 hr after training when cycloheximide-treated mice are given brief training, but considerable memory is detectable for more than 6 hr after training when cycloheximide-treated mice are given more extended training, and (c) once amnesia has developed, it may persist for only several days, followed by complete, spontaneous recovery of memory. We will present an interpretation of thes...

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“…In those studies we obtained additional evidence that posttraining ECS treatment impaired memory in rats and mice (McGaugh 1966). We found that the tonic convulsions elicited by ECS played no role in inducing retrograde amnesia (McGaugh & Alpern 1966), that the impaired retention was not due to a punishing effect of ECS (Madsen & McGaugh 1961), that the degree of impairment depended on the duration and intensity of the ECS (Alpern & McGaugh 1968), that the amnesia developed during several hours after the ECS treatment (McGaugh & Landfield 1970), and that the memory impairment did not diminish over time (Luttges & McGaugh 1967). These findings together with the findings from many other laboratories provided additional strong support of the perseveration-consolidation hypothesis (McGaugh & Herz 1972).…”

Section: Mean Errors To Criterionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidating Memories

McGaugh

2015

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

Self Cite

226

162

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Our own experiences, as well as the findings of many studies, suggest that emotionally arousing experiences can create lasting memories. This autobiographical article provides a brief summary of the author's research investigating neurobiological systems responsible for the influence of emotional arousal on the consolidation of lasting memories. The research began with the finding that stimulant drugs enhanced memory in rats when administered shortly after training. Those findings suggested the possibility that endogenous systems activated by arousal might influence neural processes underlying memory consolidation. Subsequent findings that adrenal stress hormones activated by learning experiences enhance memory consolidation provided strong evidence supporting this hypothesis. Other findings suggest that the enhancement is induced by stress hormone activation of the amygdala. The findings also suggest that the basolateral amygdala modulates memory consolidation via its projections to brain regions involved in processing different aspects and forms of memory. This emotional-arousalactivated neurobiological system thus seems to play an important adaptive role in insuring that the strength of our memories will reflect their emotional significance.

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Delayed development of amnesia following electroconvulsive shock

Cited by 110 publications

References 13 publications

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Variable Decay of Memory and Its Recovery in Cycloheximide-Treated Mice

Consolidating Memories

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