Delayed Complications and Long-Term Effects of SM Poisonings: Experience of Iran-Iraq War

Darchini-Maragheh, Emadodin; Blain, Peter G.; Balali‐Mood, Mahdi

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23874-6_5

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…4 Sulfur mustard is a radiomimetic alkylating agent that causes DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations leading to myelosuppression and long-term immune insufficiency, as well as ocular, dermal, respiratory, and neurological toxicity. 4 Unlike sulfur mustard, nuclear weapons have been used only twice throughout the past century, both times by the US during World War II. Today, 9 countries including the US, United Kingdom, and France, as well as Russia, Israel, China, and Pakistan, possess over 13 000 nuclear weapons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal model considerations for medical countermeasure development for radiation and sulfur mustard exposures

Jackson,

Doyle-Eisele

2023

Disaster med. public health prep.

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Development of medical countermeasures (MCM) to mitigate and/or treat the pulmonary complications associated with exposure to chemical, radiological, and/or nuclear weapons is a United States (U.S.) national public health preparedness posture priority. Pulmonary exposure to either sulfur mustard vapor or radiation causes oxidative damage, vascular injury, hyperinflammation, and pro-fibrotic signaling cascades that lead to life-threatening and potentially debilitating lung disease. There is no MCM currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to mitigate and/or treat lung injury caused by sulfur mustard or radiation exposure. Thus, there remains a major unmet public health need for development of threat-agnostic, host-directed therapeutics that target common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the progression of acute and/or late lung injury independent of the etiology of disease. This review describes the clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms of sulfur mustard and radiation-induced lung injury and regulatory considerations for MCM development under the non-traditional Animal Rule pathway.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal model considerations for medical countermeasure development for radiation and sulfur mustard exposures

Jackson,

Doyle-Eisele

2023

Disaster med. public health prep.

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“…3 The prevalence of PTSD has been reported at 3.0% in the general population in China, 6.1% in New Zealand, and 6.8% in the United States. [4][5][6][7] PTSD can occur in various patterns and different groups, including victims of crime (e.g., gunshot, theft), whose PTSD prevalence ranges from 19% to 75%, and victims of rape, whose PTSD prevalence ranges as high as 80%. 8 During spinal cord injury (SCI), patients experience an extreme physical injury through a life-threatening traumatic event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Yousefifard

Ramezani

Faridaalaee

et al. 2022

Harv Rev Psychiatry

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Background: Limited evidence is currently available on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of PTSD symptoms after SCI. Methods: After a search in the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, two reviewers independently summarized relevant studies published through 20 October 2021. Observational studies were included. The studies were eligible if they assessed PTSD symptoms using standard self-report or clinician-based instruments. Data and results were reported using the overall prevalence and the odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: 24 articles (5646 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of PTSD symptoms ranged from 6.33% (95% CI, 2.73-13.97) to 61.76% (95% CI, 52.07-70.61). Pooled analysis demonstrated that the overall prevalence of PTSD symptoms in SCI patients was significantly higher in developing countries (41.64%; 95% CI,

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“…1,2 Depending on the amount of SM and the time of contact to the skin, a symptom-free latency period of up to 24 h may appear followed by erythema, blisters and subsequent difficult-toheal ulcerations. 3,4 After the first use for military purposes in World War I, SM was used in other armed conflicts until today. 3 The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical warfare agents in general.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 After the first use for military purposes in World War I, SM was used in other armed conflicts until today. 3 The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical warfare agents in general. 5 Nevertheless, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is responsible for the supervision and compliance of the CWC, has evidence for the repeated use of SM in the ongoing violent conflict in the Middle East.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…505‐60‐2) is a well‐known chemical warfare agent belonging to the class of vesicants 1,2 . Depending on the amount of SM and the time of contact to the skin, a symptom‐free latency period of up to 24 h may appear followed by erythema, blisters and subsequent difficult‐to‐heal ulcerations 3,4 . After the first use for military purposes in World War I, SM was used in other armed conflicts until today 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transthyretin as a target of alkylation and a potential biomarker for sulfur mustard poisoning: Electrophoretic and mass spectrometric identification and characterization

Schmeißer¹,

Lüling

Steinritz

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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For the verification of exposure to the banned blister agent sulfur mustard (SM) and the better understanding of its pathophysiology, protein adducts formed with endogenous proteins represent an important field of toxicological research. SM and its analogue 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) are well known to alkylate nucleophilic amino acid side chains, for example, free-thiol groups of cysteine residues. The specific two-dimensional thiol difference gel electrophoresis (2D-thiol-DIGE) technique making use of maleimide dyes allows the staining of free cysteine residues in proteins. As a consequence of alkylation by, for example, SM or CEES, this staining intensity is reduced. 2D-thiol-DIGE analysis of human plasma incubated with CEES and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (tandem) mass-spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS(/MS), revealed transthyretin (TTR) as a target of alkylating agents. TTR was extracted from SM-treated plasma by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and analyzed after tryptic cleavage by microbore liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization high-resolution tandem-mass spectrometry (μLC-ESI MS/HR MS). It was found that the Cys 10 -residue of TTR present in the hexapeptide C(-HETE)PLMVK was alkylated by the hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE)moiety, which is characteristic for SM exposure. It was shown that alkylated TTR is stable in plasma in vitro at 37 C for at least 14 days. In addition, C(-HETE)PLMVK can be selectively detected, is stable in the autosampler over 24 h, and shows linearity in a broad concentration range from 15.63 μM to 2 mM SM in plasma in vitro. Accordingly, TTR might represent a complementary protein marker molecule for the verification of SM exposure.

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Delayed Complications and Long-Term Effects of SM Poisonings: Experience of Iran-Iraq War

Cited by 4 publications

References 85 publications

Animal model considerations for medical countermeasure development for radiation and sulfur mustard exposures

Animal model considerations for medical countermeasure development for radiation and sulfur mustard exposures

Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Transthyretin as a target of alkylation and a potential biomarker for sulfur mustard poisoning: Electrophoretic and mass spectrometric identification and characterization

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