Delay reduction theory: Choice, value, and conditioned reinforcement.

O'Daly, Matthew; Fantino, Edmund

doi:10.1037/h0100116

The Behavior Analyst Today

2003

DOI: 10.1037/h0100116

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Delay reduction theory: Choice, value, and conditioned reinforcement.

Matthew O'Daly¹,

Edmund Fantino²

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Cited by 2 publications

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References 35 publications

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“…In our procedures, then, learning the pattern may have resulted in lower delays to reinforcement than would otherwise have obtained if they did not learn the pattern. So, while this learning was not strictly required within the structure of the experiment, it met the conditions of delay reduction that would obtain in the organism's nonlaboratory environment (e.g., Fantino et al, 1993;O'Daly & Fantino, 2003;see Lashley, 1951 for arguments regarding the inadequacy of associative explanations of sequence learning).…”

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confidence: 99%

There’s something about a pattern: Choice between pattern and random sequences in implicit learning.

Locurto¹,

Donohue²,

Hasenauer³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

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Three experiments examined the preference for pattern versus random sequences. In all experiments the elements composing the sequences were visual images presented sequentially on a touchscreen. Reinforcement was randomly programmed on .16 of the element presentations for each type of trial. For pattern sequences the elements occurred in the same order and at the same location on each presentation of the sequence. For random sequences the elements could occur in any order on a given trial. The experiments were conducted in two phases. In the first phase, termed forced-choice, subjects, male Silver Kings, were given either a pattern sequence or a random sequence to work on in a given trial. Subjects received this first phase until performance on each type of sequence was equated. In the second phase, termed free-choice, subjects could choose which of the two sequences to work on in each trial. Results indicated that although performance was equated between the two types of sequences in the forced-choice phase, when given the choice subjects selected the pattern sequence on 70 percent of the trials. This finding held in Experiments 1 and 2 although there were procedural differences between these two experiments. In Experiment 3 the reinforcement probability for random sequences was increased to be 50 percent higher than for pattern sequence. In this arrangement subjects chose random sequences on nearly 83 percent of the free-choice trials, indicating that the preference for pattern sequences was not intractable. Results suggest that the preference for pattern sequences that was observed when reinforcement was equated between the two types of sequences may have been the result of the added information concerning forthcoming element presentations that was available from pattern sequences.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

There’s something about a pattern: Choice between pattern and random sequences in implicit learning.

Locurto¹,

Donohue²,

Hasenauer³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cogniti

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Managing Pay for Performance: Aligning Social Science Research with Budget Predictability

Rosenau¹,

Lal²,

Lako³

2012

Journal of Healthcare Management

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Managers and policymakers are seeking practical guidelines for assessing the outcomes of emerging pay-for-performance (P4P) programs. Evaluations of P4P programs published to date are mixed-some are confusing-and methodological problems with them are common. This article first identifies and summarizes obstacles to implementing effective P4P programs. Second, it describes results from social science research going back several decades to support evidence-based P4P best practices. Among the findings from this research, the zero-sum and "earn it back" P4P incentive systems have important drawbacks and may be counterproductive, neither reducing health system costs nor improving quality. The research suggests that punishing participants for low performance may further reduce individuals' performance, especially when involvement is required. We suggest that optimal P4P systems are those that reward all participants for performance improvements. Third, the article links P4P design to budgetary considerations. P4P program designs that provide incentives while improving quality and reducing costs are critical if budget neutrality is a priority for the organization and its resources are limited. In these tYpes of P4P designs, cost calculations are straightforward: The greater the participation, the higher the savings. The article concludes by recommending an evidence-based P4P approach for practitioners that can be implemented without large upfront investment. More research on this topic is also advised.

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Delay reduction theory: Choice, value, and conditioned reinforcement.

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

There’s something about a pattern: Choice between pattern and random sequences in implicit learning.

There’s something about a pattern: Choice between pattern and random sequences in implicit learning.

Managing Pay for Performance: Aligning Social Science Research with Budget Predictability

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