Delay performance due to thermal variation on field‐programmable gate array via the adoption of a stable ring oscillator

Abstract

Thermal issues are rapidly evolving in the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and are being intensely studied as these issues appear to significantly affect the delay performance of FGPAs. A ring oscillator has been widely used as a digital temperature sensor to sense this thermal effect on FPGAs. The delay generated by the ring oscillator will vary depending on the temperature environment due to negative bias temperature instability, hot carrier injection and electromigration. It is therefore critical to adopt an accurate ring oscillator design to effectively measure the delay in FGPAs. In this study, a digital temperature sensor with a stable ring oscillator is proposed. Measurement periods of 512 and 4096 clock cycles have been implemented and the relationship between temperature, delay and total count has been established. The results show that as the temperature increases to 100°C, the delay decreases by 3.99 and 33.98% for 512 and 4096 clock cycles, respectively. It has been found that in order to reduce the degradation effect on the Virtex-6 FPGA, adopting a measurement period of 512 clock cycles is the best method. The measured data is successfully validated through a set of simulations. Thus, it may benefit a system designer and industrial player, especially in designing temperature-based FPGAs.

Multipoint Detection Technique with the Best Clock Signal Closed-Loop Feedback to Prolong FPGA Performance

“…The tabulated results show that when the delay occurred between 51.0 • and 100.0 • , the output value was 20 16 , while if the delay was between 201.0 • and 250.0 • , the output was 3C 16 , and so forth. The simulation test discovered all possibilities of delay caused by the HCI and NBTI degradation effects that were monitored through critical path delay, interconnect delay, and propagation delay [59][60][61][62]. M. Sheng and J.…”

An annotated guide to utilize ring-oscillators as thermal sensor in FPGA technology

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