Delay discounting as impaired valuation: Delayed rewards in an animal obesity model

Jarmolowicz, David P.; Hudnall, Jennifer L.; Hale, Luanne H.; Fowler, Stephen C.; Bortolato, Marco; Lemley, Shea M.; Sofis, Michael J.

doi:10.1002/jeab.275

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Because some individuals accept lower overall starvation risk than others, and because storage and defence are both strategies to reduce starvation risk, we expect to observe positive correlations between body weight and foraging-behaviour defence when we compare across individuals from unselected populations. Indeed, positive associations between body weight and food motivation are commonly reported in both mammals and birds [9][10][11]; however, whether the behavioural tasks used in such studies really capture defence of the rate of energy intake, rather than just the rate of energy intake when food is easy to obtain, is not clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings

Dunn¹,

Andrews²,

Nettle³

et al. 2018

R. Soc. open sci.

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Animals require strategies for coping with periods when food is scarce. Such strategies include storing fat as a buffer, and defending the rate of energy intake by changing foraging behaviour when food becomes difficult to obtain. Storage and behavioural defence may constitute alternative strategies for solving the same problem. We would thus expect any developmental influences that limit fat storage in adulthood to also induce a compensatory alteration in adult foraging behaviour, specifically when food is hard to obtain. In a cohort of hand-reared European starlings, we found that higher manipulated early-life begging effort caused individuals to maintain consistently lower adult body mass over a period of two years. Using an operant foraging task in which we systematically varied the costs of obtaining food, we show that higher early-life begging effort also caused stronger behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake when food was more costly to obtain. Among individuals with the same developmental history, however, those individuals who defended their rate of energy intake most strongly were also the heaviest. Our results are relevant to understanding why there are marked differences in body weight and foraging behaviour even among individuals inhabiting the same environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings

Dunn¹,

Andrews²,

Nettle³

et al. 2018

R. Soc. open sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine were as high as that of the lean group [121]. But in contrast with human, obese individuals were more likely to be present-focused, choosing smaller immediate rewards rather than larger delayed rewards (excessive delay discounting) [122,123].…”

Section: Rodent Models Of Obesity and Acupuncture/electroacupuncturementioning

confidence: 90%

“…In the context of operant conditioning (lever pressing) with delayed rewards as executive function, obese Zucker rats learned to press the liver more quickly than lean animals. Their progressive ratio breakpoints (a measure of reward efficacy) were as high as that of the lean group [ 121 ]. But in contrast with human, obese individuals were more likely to be present-focused, choosing smaller immediate rewards rather than larger delayed rewards (excessive delay discounting) [ 122 , 123 ].…”

Section: Rodent Models Of Obesity and Acupuncture/electroacupuncturementioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity Animal Models for Acupuncture and Related Therapy Research Studies

Zhang

Val‐Laillet²

2021

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Obesity and related diseases are considered as pandemic representing a worldwide threat for health. Animal models are critical to validate the effects and understand the mechanisms related to classical or innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies. It is, therefore, important to identify the best animal models for translational research, using different evaluation criteria such as the face, construct, and predictive validity. Because the pharmacological treatments and surgical interventions currently used for treating obesity often present many undesirable side effects, relatively high relapse probabilities, acupuncture, electroacupuncture (EA), and related therapies have gained more popularity and attention. Many kinds of experimental animal models have been used for obesity research studies, but in the context of acupuncture, most of the studies were performed in rodent obesity models. Though, are these obesity rodent models really the best for acupuncture or related therapies research studies? In this study, we review different obesity animal models that have been used over the past 10 years for acupuncture and EA research studies. We present their respective advantages, disadvantages, and specific constraints. With the development of research on acupuncture and EA and the increasing interest regarding these approaches, proper animal models are critical for preclinical studies aiming at developing future clinical trials in the human. The aim of the present study is to provide researchers with information and guidance related to the preclinical models that are currently available to investigate the outcomes of acupuncture and related therapies.

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“…On the surface it may seem absurd that a task that was derived from an experiment with pigeons (Ainslie & Herrnstein, 1981), and then extrapolated to humans, one that involves asking a series of questions about preferring $10 today to some other amount in the future, may have anything to do with anything. But it turns out that discounting curves and the k and AUC parameters that describe them have much to do with everything, from a takedown of rational choice theory (Herrnstein, 1990), to maternal health (Higgins et al, 2017;Yoon et al, 2007), genetic sensitization to alcohol (Mitchell, Reeves, Li, & Phillips, 2006), classroom token economies (Reed & Martens, 2011), obesity (Jarmolowicz et al, 2017;Lawyer, Boomhower, & Rasmussen, 2015), melanoma detection (Critchfield & Howard, 2016), and predicting substance abuse treatment outcomes (Stanger et al, 2012) These connections are so diverse that delay discounting is considered a trans-disease process that may underlie many health-related outcomes (Bickel, Jarmolowicz, Mueller, Koffarnus, & Gatchalian, 2012). Not bad for a pretty hyperbolic curve.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Reductionism and Holism in Behavior Science and Art

Hantula

2018

Perspect Behav Sci

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How should we handle complexity? In both science and in art, there is tension between the holist view that the properties of any entity or system cannot be understood or explained by its parts alone, and the reductionist view, which holds that an entity or system can be understood or explained by reducing it to its component parts (Graham, 2013). As Kandel (2016) points out, reductionism in science and art serve different, but analogous, purposes. In science, reductionism is used to solve complex problems; in art, reductionism is used to evoke new emotional responses in art consumers. Scientific reductionism is a process of reducing and then rebuilding that often leads to new insights that would not be found in either a solely reductionist or holist view. For example, Kandel began his quest to understand human learning and memory by studying the sea slug (aplysia), and the insights gleaned from intensive study of a simple organism guided and shaped his experimentation leading to brain science (Kandel, 1979). Artistic reductionism also leads to new insights. Through reductionism artists peel away unnecessary details and discover a work's essential features. Consumers of art experience new and often unique affective reactions to art when a visual or musical composition is stripped to its barest parts. 1 Kandel's book, Reductionism in Art and Brain Science: Bridging the Two Cultures, explores the commonalities between abstract art and brain science, arguing that both pursuits use reductionist methodologies in their search for higher level truths about human nature. One can adopt holism and accept complexity as an irreducible given, or embrace reductionism and work to disassemble and decompose complexity into simplicity. For

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Delay discounting as impaired valuation: Delayed rewards in an animal obesity model

Cited by 7 publications

References 71 publications

Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings

Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings

Obesity Animal Models for Acupuncture and Related Therapy Research Studies

Editorial: Reductionism and Holism in Behavior Science and Art

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