Delay Aversion in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An empirical investigation of the broader phenotype

Bitsakou, Paraskevi; Psychogiou, Lamprini; Thompson, Margaret; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.015

Cited by 124 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Support for executive impairments in ADHD of the sort predicted by these models come from many studies (e.g. Willcutt et al, 2005;Bitsakou et al, 2008). However, it now seems unlikely that such deficits mediate the link between ADHD and its underlying causes (i.e., genes and environments; in any straightforward way .…”

Section: Moving Beyond Fixed Deficit Models Of Adhdmentioning

confidence: 97%

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

et al. 2009

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The ability to specify differential predictions is a mark of a scientific models' value. State regulation deficits (SRD) and delay aversion (DAv) have both been hypothesized as context-dependent dynamic dysfunctions in ADHD.However, to date there has been no systematic comparison of their common and unique elements. Here we review these hypotheses -and describe the core and secondary manifestations of the two constructs and review evidenceIn support of them. Second, we focus on what are seen as the hallmark indicators of the two deficits -preference of small immediate over large delayed rewards for DAv and the slow event rate effect for SRD. We describe the overlap between these two manifestations and then explore how experimental manipulations and the analysis of neuropsychological and physiological mediators of effects can allow us to differentiate these two patterns of neuropsychological dysfunction on the basis of specific predictions. Finally, we highlight the implications of neuropsychological heterogeneity for the practical implementation of tests of DAv and SRD.Key words: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; delay aversion; state regulation; cognitive energetic; event rate; delay of gratification; delayed reward. 4 MOVING BEYOND FIXED DEFICIT MODELS OF ADHDAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent child and adolescent condition, which often persists into adulthood, marked by developmentally inappropriate and pervasive expressions of inattention, overactivity and impulsiveness (Banaschewski et al., in press). It is associated with functional impairments across multiple academic and social domains and is commonly accompanied by a range of externalising (e.g., conduct disorder) and internalising (e.g., anxiety) comorbid disorders (Taylor and SonugaBarke, 2008). Until recent times dominant neuropsychological theories of ADHD have focused on cognitive impairments associated with deficits in executive functions such as inhibitory control (Nigg, 2005) and working memory (Rapport et al., 2008). These are postulated to be grounded in altered fronto-striatal neural circuits modulated by catecholamine-based neuro-transmitters (Arnsten, 2009). Support for executive impairments in ADHD of the sort predicted by these models come from many studies (e.g. Willcutt et al., 2005;Bitsakou et al., 2008). However, it now seems unlikely that such deficits mediate the link between ADHD and its underlying causes (i.e., genes and environments; in any straightforward way . For instance, many children with ADHD appear not to have dysfunctional executive processes, while many children without ADHD, either with others disorders or with no disorder at all, do (Willcutt et al., 2005). Even where ADHD and executive dysfunction co-present the pattern is 5 rather fragmented and variable so that pervasive and severe executive deficit appears quite rare . Perhaps reflecting the influence of the classical bio-medical framework (Singh, 2008) and neuropsychological models of brain insult (Loge et al., 1990), ...

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Section: Moving Beyond Fixed Deficit Models Of Adhdmentioning

confidence: 97%

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

et al. 2009

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“…Individuals with ADHD display a range of reward deficits, including impaired behavioral modification to rewards [468]. A classic finding in childhood ADHD is hypersensitivity to reward delays (that is, "delay aversion" [462,469-474]), which is independent of inhibitory deficits [475] yet correlates with hyperactivity symptom severity [476]. The ‘dynamic developmental theory’ of ADHD put forth by Sagvolden and colleagues [453,477] hypothesizes that downregulated frontolimbic DA results in lower tonic DA, a steeper and shorter delay-of reward gradient, and ultimately increased impulsivity and slower extinction of impulsivity.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

Dichter

Damiano

Allen

2012

J Neurodevelop Disord

253

207

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This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette’s syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.

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“…The ADHD group was unaffected by the manipulation of reinforcement by frequency or magnitude of reinforcers. Bitsakou et al (2009) evaluated delay aversion in children with ADHD (n ¼ 70), a control group of unaffected siblings (n ¼ 65), and a normal control group (n ¼ 50). Multiple tasks were administered and an overall index of delay aversion was used to contrast the groups.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Swanson

Baler

Volkow

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

214

165

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The use of stimulant drugs for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread pharmacological interventions in child psychiatry and behavioral pediatrics. This treatment is well grounded on controlled studies showing efficacy of low oral doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine in reducing the behavioral symptoms of the disorder as reported by parents and teachers, both for the cognitive (inattention and impulsivity) and noncognitive (hyperactivity) domains. Our main aim is to review the objectively measured cognitive effects that accompany the subjectively assessed clinical responses to stimulant medications. Recently, methods from the cognitive neurosciences have been used to provide information about brain processes that underlie the cognitive deficits of ADHD and the cognitive effects of stimulant medications. We will review some key findings from the recent literature, and then offer interpretations of the progress that has been made over the past decade in understanding the cognitive effects of stimulant medication on individuals with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews (2011) 36, 207-226; doi:10.1038/npp.2010; published online 29 September 2010Keywords: methylphenidate; amphetamine; dopamine; prefrontal cortex; executive function; cognitive enhancement INTRODUCTIONCognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied intensively and are well documented in the literature. Stimulant drugs (methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP)) are particularly effective for the clinical treatment of ADHD, and accordingly, pediatricians and psychiatrists have been prescribing them for over seven decades (Bradley, 1937). Clear reductions in symptoms justify treatment with stimulant medications (MTA, 1999b), but the cognitive effects are less clear. Here, we will review the current understanding of some underlying neural processes that may account for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and impulsivity, and we will review evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies about how stimulant medications may affect these processes. To focus our review, we will not revisit related topics that are addressed elsewhere: the medical use of non-stimulant drugs to treat ADHD (Dopheide and Pliszka, 2009;Waxmonsky, 2005), the non-medical use of stimulants and non-stimulants for cognitive enhancement (Sahakian and Morein-Zamir, 2007;Stix, 2009), and nonmedical alternative treatments based on neurofeedback (Gevensleben et al, 2009) and working memory training (Klingberg et al, 2005) that have recently been evaluated and have gained some support in randomized clinical trials.In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, Version IV (APA, 1994(APA, , 2000, the cognitive symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two domains: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Currently, nine are specified for inattention (poor attending to details, sustaining attention, lis...

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Delay Aversion in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: An empirical investigation of the broader phenotype

Abstract: Background: Delay-related motivational processes are impaired in children with

Cited by 124 publications

References 68 publications

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion

Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

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