“…In particular, tartronic esters and hydroxymalonic esters have been studied as biodegradable organic builders for surfactants . The prevalent way for the preparation of tartronic esters is the oxidation of the corresponding malonic esters with heavy metal oxidants (i.e., Pd(OAc) 4 , MoOPH), peracids, or molecular oxygen catalyzed by various metal catalysts (i.e., Mn, Co, Cs, Ce, Pd) . However, some problems relating to these reactions, such as low yield, the necessity of stoichiometric amounts, or environmental high impact catalyst, deserve rectification.…”