Dehydration of fructose, sucrose and inulin to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over yeast-derived carbonaceous microspheres at low temperatures

Abstract

This work prepared carbonaceous microspheres by hydrothermal carbonization of yeast cells followed by sulfonation with concentrated sulphuric acid (98%) at room temperature. The obtained carbonaceous product (CM-SO 3 H) had a high acid density (1.80 mmol g À1 ). We evaluated CM-SO 3 H as a solid catalyst for the dehydration of fructose-based carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM] [Cl]). The effects of the catalyst and substrate loadings as well as the reaction temperature and time on the yield of 5-HMF were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a 5-HMF yield of up to 83.5% was obtained from fructose with a reaction temperature of 80 C for 30 min. Furthermore, 44.8% and 59.2% 5-HMF yields were obtained from sucrose (80 C for 30 min) and inulin (80 C for 60 min), respectively. CM-SO 3 H and [BMIM][Cl] showed high stability and could be recycled between five and eight times without significant loss of catalytic activity. More importantly, the catalytic system could be applied to high substrate concentrations. CM-SO 3 H combined with [BMIM][Cl] is a promising system for transforming fructose-based carbohydrates into 5-HMF.

Internal–External Stabilization Strategies Enable Ultrastable and Highly Luminescent CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals for Aqueous Fe3+ Detection and Information Encryption

“…[27] Figure 2d was the FTIR spectra of CQDs (curve a) and CQDs with lead bromide (PbBr 2 ) (curve b). Compared to CQDs, the peak at 1169 cm −1 ascribed to the OSO stretching vibration of SO 3 H groups [28] decreased significantly in the presence www.advmatinterfaces.de of PbBr 2 , indicating the combination of the sulfonate groups in CQDs with Pb 2+ . In addition, the decrease in the peak located at ≈1384 cm −1 , assigned to the CO 3 2− vibration, [29] indicates the bonding to Pb 2+ by the carboxyl groups.…”

The Role Played by Ionic Liquids in Carbohydrates Conversion into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Recent Overview

“…Carbonaceous microspheres that were obtained by hydrothermal carbonization of yeast cells were functionalized with sulfonic groups (-SO 3 H) and employed as catalysts for the conversion of fructose and sucrose, as well as the fructose-based polysaccharide inulin, in [bmim][Cl] [ 62 ]. Under optimized conditions at 80 °C, yields of 83%, 45%, and 59% were reported from fructose, sucrose, and inulin, respectively.…”

Metal chloride mediated efficient conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into long-chain levulinate ester

“…The route can be divided into two primary stages, including the conversion of cellulosic materials into HMF and the subsequent conversion of HMF into levulinate esters. Presently, a lot of progress has been made on the production of HMF from carbohydrates, and a few works have also achieved the direct production of levulinate esters from carbohydrates (Li et al 2019;Gu et al 2019;Wen et al 2019;Liang et al 2020;Qu et al 2020;Hao et al 2021). However, the conversion of HMF is still an intrinsic limiting step for the formation of levulinate esters from carbohydrates According to the literature, the conversion of HMF into levulinate esters generally suffers relatively low product yields or complicated catalyst preparation or long reaction time.…”