Degree of polarization degradation due to cross-phase modulation and its impact on polarization-mode dispersion compensators

Abstract

Abstract-A novel analytical model is proposed to predict the cross-phase modulation (XPM)-induced depolarization in a two-channel transmission system, in which the Stokes' vector of each channel rotates around a space-invariant pivot by a time-varying angle which depends on the total instantaneous optical power in the fiber, on the angle between pump and probe input Stokes' vectors, and on the walk-off between channels. The model leads to a simple formula of the probe degree of polarization (DOP) which is validated both by simulation and experiment. The model helps identify the key physical factors that determine the XPM-induced performance degradation of DOP-based first-order polarization-mode dispersion compensators, and experiments that quantify such degradation are presented.

Nonlinear signal–noise interactions in dispersion-managed links with various modulation formats

“…9(bottom-left) that, while in the single-channel case NLPN is the dominant impairment up to 60 Gbaud, in the WDM case with K ¼ 3 the impact of NSNI seems rather weak, with only 0.5 dB of NLT decrease with respect to noise loading in the range 20 < R < 60 Gbaud. This is attributed to the dominant role of another WDM nonlinearity, namely cross-polarization modulation (XPolM), whose basic mechanisms can be explained by some existing analytical models developed for OOK [42][43][44] and have recently been quantified in terms of depolarization induced on a probe channel in a large WDM multiplex [45]. Recent observations have pointed out that correct reproduction of XPolM effects requires more WDM channels than those needed for XPM reproduction [46,45].…”

A Statistical Treatment of Cross-Polarization Modulation in DWDM Systems

“…Most published work so far has been concerned with the nonlinear polarization rotation itself, its description and demonstration [4], [6], [9], [13]. Previous contributions almost exclusively took a single pump -single probe approach [4]- [6], [9], [13].…”

“…Previous contributions almost exclusively took a single pump -single probe approach [4]- [6], [9], [13]. Very few authors examined it, in the context of multi-wavelength optical transmission systems, and then only rudimentary [8], [10].…”

Cross-Polarization Modulation Domain Wall Solitons for WDM Signals in Birefringent Optical Fibers

“…Indeed, cross-polarization modulation (CPM) degrades the performance of polarization-multiplexed WDM systems [1], [2] and polarization-mode dispersion compensators [3]. CPM was earlier theoretically and experimentally investigated for two and three continuous-wave (CW) or intensity modulated channels propagating in randomly birefringent fibers [4], [5].…”