Degree of Charge Transfer in Donor–Acceptor Systems of the π–π Type

Kampar, E; Neilands, O.

doi:10.1070/rc1986v055n04abeh003193

Cited by 80 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The value of n Ä CN for the anion radical salt 24 is further lowered to 2185 cm À1 [17] and, therefore a degree of CT (d CT ) % 0.65 electrons can be calculated for 14, 16 and 19. [18] A similar value of d CT (0.6 ± 0.7 electrons) could be also predicted [18] from the difference in oxidation and reduction potentials of the donor and acceptor moieties (see the Electrochemistry Section). Only small variations (within 5 cm À1 ) in the ketone C O stretching frequency were found in fluorenones 3, 13, 15 and 18 in accord with the significantly reduced charge transfer in these diads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Engineering a Remarkably Low HOMO–LUMO Gap by Covalent Linkage of a Strong -Donor and a -Acceptor—Tetrathiafulvalene--Polynitrofluorene Diads: Their Amphoteric Redox Behavior, Electron Transfer and Spectroscopic Properties

et al. 2002

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Engineering a Remarkably Low HOMO–LUMO Gap by Covalent Linkage of a Strong -Donor and a -Acceptor—Tetrathiafulvalene--Polynitrofluorene Diads: Their Amphoteric Redox Behavior, Electron Transfer and Spectroscopic Properties

et al. 2002

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“…ICT in F 4 TCNQ-doped P3HT is further evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), where shifts of characteristic cyano vibrational-bands are held to indicate the negatively charged state of the dopant [112,113] and to allow quantifying the degree of charge transfer (δ), which is reported to linearly scale with the observed frequency shift [114].…”

Section: Molecularly Doped Cpsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toward a comprehensive understanding of molecular doping organic semiconductors (review)

Salzmann

Heimel

2015

Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena

121

137

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“…This method exploits the lengthening of the formal double bond 3 and the shortening of the formal single bonds 2 and 4, as the whole structure becomes more benzenoid in the course of charge transfer, which is suitable for the transfer range between 0.2e and 0.7e . Spectroscopic studies, i.e., IR or Raman, are simple and reliable to detect the DCT from wavenumber changes of certain vibration modes (e.g., CN stretching frequency), but the DCT should exceed 0.03 in those cases . Great progress has been made to estimate the DCT in cocrystals, and some excellent reviews have addressed the calculation of DCT based on various methods; therefore, readers are referred to them for additional details .…”

Section: Functionality‐related Fundamental Principles Of Organic Cocrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocrystal Engineering: A Collaborative Strategy toward Functional Materials

et al. 2019

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materials, [9][10][11][12] which are crystalline singlephase materials composed of two or more different compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio, [13] providing a platform for unveiling the structure-property relationships at a molecular level. [14] The building blocks are assembled via noncovalent interactions, offering the opportunity to achieve noncovalent synthesis of functional molecules. [15] Compared with the traditional covalent synthesis, cocrystal engineering offers numerous advantages, including: 1) avoiding complicated synthesis procedures, and cocrystal assemblies have been successfully fabricated by the vapor methods and solution-processing methods in a facile and low-cost way; 2) manipulating intermolecular interactions through selecting suitable conformers from a plentiful supply of raw materials, resulting in tunable structures, morphologies, and sizes; 3) achieving rare and multifunctional properties through a collaborative strategy in distinct constituent units, which are difficult to realize for individual components. [16][17][18] Cocrystal engineering began to draw much attention since the exploration of the metal conductive tetrathiafulvalene-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) cocrystals in 1973. [19] The peculiar conductivity in organic materials makes it possible for cocrystals to serve as organic electrodes, which can effectively lower the contact resistance and further improve device performance. Encouraged by this, cocrystals can serve as a breakthrough and provide an opportunity to discover novel physicochemical properties, which are far beyond the performance of single materials. In this respect, dielectric response [20] and nonlinear optics [21,22] are also realized through rational design of each component, which is absent in their constitute components. Even more, the bottom-up supramolecular assembly provides the opportunity to equip them with the individual properties of the donor or acceptor to create multifunctional materials. [23] Typically, ambipolar charge transport can be generated by coassembling p-type semiconductors and n-type ones, and the charge-carrier mobility is now up to 1.57 cm 2 V −1 s −1 for holes and 0.47 cm 2 V −1 s −1 for electrons. [24] To date, these exciting results accelerate the investigations of organic functional cocrystals, such as room-temperature ferroelectricity, [25][26][27] optical waveguide properties, [28,29] pure organic room-temperature phosphorescent properties, [30][31][32] stimulusresponse (e.g., mechanical stress, [33,34] heat, [35,36] or solvent [37] ) characteristics, photovoltaics, [38] and near-infrared photothermal (PT) conversion and imaging, [39] etc.Cocrystal engineering with a noncovalent assembly feature by simple constituent units has inspired great interest and has emerged as an efficient and versatile route to construct functional materials, especially for the fabrication of novel and multifunctional materials, due to the collaborative strategy in the distinct constituent units. Meanwhile, the precise crystal a...

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Degree of Charge Transfer in Donor–Acceptor Systems of the π–π Type

Cited by 80 publications

References 10 publications

Engineering a Remarkably Low HOMO–LUMO Gap by Covalent Linkage of a Strong -Donor and a -Acceptor—Tetrathiafulvalene--Polynitrofluorene Diads: Their Amphoteric Redox Behavior, Electron Transfer and Spectroscopic Properties

Engineering a Remarkably Low HOMO–LUMO Gap by Covalent Linkage of a Strong -Donor and a -Acceptor—Tetrathiafulvalene--Polynitrofluorene Diads: Their Amphoteric Redox Behavior, Electron Transfer and Spectroscopic Properties

Toward a comprehensive understanding of molecular doping organic semiconductors (review)

Cocrystal Engineering: A Collaborative Strategy toward Functional Materials

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