Degree of antigen adsorption in the vaccine or interstitial fluid and its effect on the antibody response in rabbits

Improved formulation of a recombinant ricin A-chain vaccine increases its stability and effective antigenicity

“…Chang et al [31] reported that the antigenicity of lysozyme in rabbits was independent of its adherence to aluminum adjuvant during preparation, while Romero Mendez et al [32] proposed that trapping of a nonadsorbed protein in a porous matrix of aluminum phosphate adjuvant was adequate to stimulate the immune response. On the other hand, Capelle et al [33] suggested that stronger adherence of an immunoglobulin antigen to adjuvant results in the formation of more condensed particles of greater immunogenicity.…”

Selection of Adjuvants for Enhanced Vaccine Potency

“…Aluminum salts can enhance the immunogenicity of many types of vaccine antigens, including proteins [23], virus [24], etc. Their mechanism of action for the stimulation of the immune system remains a subject of con-tinuous investigation [20,21,25].…”

Comparable quality attributes of hepatitis E vaccine antigen with and without adjuvant adsorption-dissolution treatment

“…It was concluded that immunopotentiation by aluminum-containing adjuvants correlated to the degree of antigen adsorption in interstitial fluid at the injection site rather than in the vaccine formulation. 35,36 However, how a given vaccine exerts its function may be more closely related to the desorbed antigen, which can be taken up by dendritic cells or other antigen-presenting cells via phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Multiple mechanisms of antigen elution were described, including the disruption of electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions, phosphate exchange, protein denaturation and dissolution of aluminum hydroxide.…”

“…This is also a common practice in analytics for human vaccines. [30][31][32][33][34][35] Among the mAbs used for the HEV antigen, the most critical mAb is a protective and neutralizing antibody, mAb 8C11. MAb 8C11 recognizes conformational epitopes that are composed of 3 discontinuous peptide segments in a dimeric form of the truncated HEV capsid protein.…”