Degradation Processes of Egyptian Faience Tiles in the Step Pyramid at Saqqara

Madkour, Fatma S.; Khallaf, Mohamed K.

doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.207

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…One of the primary promoters of the degradation of external claddings is exposure to damp [52]. The presence of moisture in conjunction with salts significantly increases the degradation rate of external claddings, leading to aesthetic anomalies (such as scaling, flaking, efflorescence, strains, and biological growth) or more severe anomalies (such as cracking, swelling, detachment, spilling, and material loosening) [53][54][55][56]. In this study, exposure to damp is divided into two categories: (i) Low, for claddings in buildings located in an urban context, at more than 5 km from the sea and without the influence of dominant winds carrying sea salts; and (ii) high, for buildings located closer to the sea or other humidity sources, under the direct influence of sea winds, or in areas with an average annual rainfall higher than 500 mm or average annual relative humidity higher than 75%.…”

Section: Exposure To Dampmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Environmental Exposure Conditions on the Maintenance of Facades’ Claddings

et al. 2021

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Façades, as the most external building envelope component, are subject to different ex-ternal environmental loads, such as: Temperature, precipitation, damp, and wind. Therefore, the contribution of environmental actions to the occurrence of defects in façades claddings is an important subject of study since these actions strongly affect the degradation process and natural ageing of these components during their service life. In this study, a methodology to support decision-makers in the process of selecting a façade cladding system and the maintenance strategy to implement is presented and discussed. This methodology covers the performance of four façade claddings (ceramic tiling systems (CTS), natural stone claddings (NSC), external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS), and architectural concrete façades (ACF)) over time, according to three environmental exposure variables (exposure to damp, distance from the sea, and orientation). The databases were established based on the diagnosis of the degradation condition of these claddings in-service conditions, in Portugal. The results reveal that the environmental exposure variables have a significant impact on maintenance requirements and costs. For all the categories of the environmental exposure condition variables, under all scenarios, ETICS is the least favorable constructive solution while CTS is the most advantageous solution. Furthermore, the results show that properly implemented maintenance activities enhance the performance level of building components, which positively affects their degradation behavior over time.

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Section: Exposure To Dampmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Environmental Exposure Conditions on the Maintenance of Facades’ Claddings

et al. 2021

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“…and jeopardize the integrity of the claddings system (e.g. cracking, swelling, detachment, spilling and material loosing) (Charola, 2000;Rirsch et al, 2011;Madkour and Khallaf, of ceramic claddings highly exposed to moisture.…”

Section: Exposure To Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Petri-net models to predict the degradation of ceramic claddings

Ferreira

Neves

Silva

et al. 2018

Building Research & Information

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In this study, a stochastic Petri net formalism is proposed to predict the degradation of ceramic claddings over time to understand how different environmental exposure conditions contribute to the overall degradation of these claddings. For that purpose, the degradation condition of 195 ceramic claddings located in Lisbon (Portugal) is evaluated through in situ visual inspections. In the first part of the study, a stochastic deterioration Petri net model is proposed to the entire sample. In the second part, the original sample is divided according to the environmental exposure conditions, evaluating the influence of these conditions on the deterioration process of ceramic claddings. Four main degradation agents are analysed: exposure to moisture; distance from the sea; orientation; and the wind-rain action. The results obtained reveal that Petri nets can accurately describe the deterioration process of ceramic claddings, providing relevant information regarding the performance of these claddings through their life-cycle and according to the environmental exposure conditions to which they are subject to. These results are extremely relevant for different practitioners, allowing adopting more sustainable and durable solutions in a design stage, as well as improving the durability of the ceramic claddings by carrying optimised maintenance plans and strategies.

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“…1225 BC) is called "the first Egyptologist". He was interested in identifying and restoring the monuments of Egypt's past, such as Djoser's pyramid [95].…”

Section: Ancient Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Freire-Lista

2021

Heritage

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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

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Degradation Processes of Egyptian Faience Tiles in the Step Pyramid at Saqqara

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Impact of Environmental Exposure Conditions on the Maintenance of Facades’ Claddings

Impact of Environmental Exposure Conditions on the Maintenance of Facades’ Claddings

Stochastic Petri-net models to predict the degradation of ceramic claddings

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

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