Degradation of the tricyclic antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine under environmental conditions, identification of its main aquatic biotic and abiotic transformation products by LC–MSn and their effects on environmental bacteria

Environmental fate and effect assessment of thioridazine and its transformation products formed by photodegradation

“…The two mainly occurring peaks were proposed as the pharmacologically active human metabolites of THI, THI-5-SO and THI-2-SO (W ojcikowski et al, 2006;Daniel et al, 2000;Borges et al, 2008), which were identified in both studied concentrations. A sulfoxidation step on phenothiazine derivatives was reported in previous photodegradation studies (Trautwein and Kümmerer, 2012b). The other two TPs with m/z [MþH] þ 387 Da were proposed as intermediaries from hydroxylation on the piperidine moiety, according to the product ion of m/z 142.1229 (C 8 H 16 ON) indicated by the fragmentation pattern of the UHPLC-HRMS.…”

“…Psychiatric drugs, including phenothiazine pharmaceuticals, are worldwide prescribed drugs, being extensively used over the past years (Trautwein and Kümmerer, 2012b;Nałecz-Jawecki et al, 2008), and little attention has been given to their environmental fate in comparison to other pharmaceuticals micropollutants. One of the most commonly used phenothiazine pharmaceutical is Thioridazine (THI) achieving a total prescription amount of 153 kg in the year 2013 in Germany (Schwabe and Paffrath, 2014).…”

Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment

“…Meanwhile, reduction reactions predominantly take place under anaerobic conditions, such as reductive dechlorination of 5-chlorobenzotriazole and chlorpromazine and dehydration and hydration of testosterone [38,55]. However, nitro reduction of N,Ndiethyl 1-4-nitrobenzamide was evident under aerobic conditions in a recent study [34].…”

“…The CBT simulates conditions in surface water, while the other two simulate effluents [38]. However, those OECD tests usually work at very high concentrations and provide no reaction kinetics.…”

Contrasting sludge toxicity under various starting modes (shocking or acclimating) and original organics (with or without N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF))

“…Typically, in addition to the inorganic toxicity of heavy metals, the relatively high content of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sludge leads to organic toxicity. In fact, in addition to refractory organics causing sludge toxicity, intermediate biodegradation products, bacterial secretions and toxic pollutants from the biodegradation process itself have been proven to be related to sludge toxicity (Ross et al, 1998;Bottm and Love, 2001;Kuhn et al, 2011;Barret et al, 2012;Trautwein et al, 2012). Stress effects from toxic pollutants have been shown to stimulate the production of toxic soluble microbial products (SMP) (Yu et al, 2006;Xu, 2010) and the stress protein GroEL (Bottm and Love, 2001;Jadhava et al, 2011) in microorganisms.…”