Degradation of the drug sodium diclofenac by Trametes versicolor pellets and identification of some intermediates by NMR

Fungal Bioremediation of Emerging Micropollutants in Municipal Wastewaters

“…Noteworthy Trametes hirsuta halved the initial amount of 9 out to 17 pharmaceuticals set at realistic concentrations (20-500 ng/l) (Haroune et al 2014). The removal of naproxen and diclofenac by T. versicolor was almost complete at 10 mg/l and at 45-55 µg/l (Marco- Urrea et al 2010a, Marco-Urrea et al 2010b). …”

“…The development of this technology could take into consideration also the coimmobilization of different enzymes typology e.g. as laccases and cytochrome P450 which played both an active role in the conversion of diclofenac and naproxen by T. versicolor (Marco-Urrea et al 2010a, Marco-Urrea et al 2010b). …”

Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment

“…Due to the increasing occurrence of EPs in wastewaters, the formation of TPs during biological treatment and the mechanisms involved have been investigated for various classes of compounds {i.e., antibiotics [35,45,54], analgesics (painkillers) [39], anticonvulsants [37], anti-inflammatories [40,41], iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) [46,47] and anti-viral/-bacterial/-fungal agents [33,56,57]}. Most of the studies were performed in batch systems with activated sludge.…”

“…Hydroxylated metabolites were identified for triclosan [57], codeine [39], diclofenac [40,41], sulfapyridine [54], and a UV filter [48]. In some cases, oxidation of hydroxyl groups was followed by oxidative decarboxylation, deacetylation, and dealkylation taking place at the amide moieties [33,46,47].…”

“…Moreover, the ability of microorganisms to degrade EPs has been studied in Erlenmeyer flasks with various microorganisms under study, such as fungus Trametes versicolor and bacterial Pseudomonas strains [37,40]. Parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (O2), temperature (T) and total suspended solids (TSS), have to be monitored and adjusted to allow direct comparison with environmental conditions.…”